Table 2.
Genistein levels in populations worldwide.
| Population | Number of Subjects | Sample Type | Quantified Genistein | References | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy infants in Pennsylvania, collected at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and its affiliated clinics | Blood, urine, and saliva samples from cow- and breast-milk-fed infants | Large majority, except for cow’s milk-formula-fed infants, below LOD (<27 ng/mL in blood, <1.4 ng/mL in saliva, and <0.8 ng/mL in urine) | [57] | 2009 | |
| 165 | Urine (cow-formula-fed infants) | 13.6 ng/mL | |||
| Blood (soy-formula-fed infants) | 890.7 ng/mL (median) | ||||
| Urine (soy-formula-fed infants) | 7220 ng/mL (median) | ||||
| Saliva (soy-formula-fed infants) | 10.9 ng/mL (median) | ||||
| Cohort of women in Philadelphia, PA, USA | 451 | Daily consumption | 2.4–3.9 mg (average) | [58] | 2008 |
| Subgroup of larger cohort of women in Philadelphia, PA, USA | 27 | Daily urine excretion | 136.4 ng genistein/mg creatine (average) | ||
| Adult participants from Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and the UK | Daily consumption (Ireland) | 0.368 mg/day (average) | [59] | 2003 | |
| 7312 | Daily consumption (Italy) | 0.302 mg/day (average) | |||
| Daily consumption (the Netherlands) | 0.516 mg/day (average) | ||||
| Daily consumption (the UK) | 0.389 mg/day (average) | ||||
| Women of various racial and ethnic groups across the US | 1550 | Daily consumption (White women) | 3.6 μg genistein/day (average) | [60] | 2006 |
| 935 | Daily consumption (African American women) | 1.7 μg genistein/day (Average) | |||
| 286 | Daily consumption (Hispanic women) | 0 μg genistein/day (average) | |||
| 185 | Daily consumption (Chinese women) | 3534 μg genistein/day (average) | |||
| 195 | Daily consumption (Japanese women) | 6788 μg genistein/day (average) | |||
| Adults from various regions of Japan | 215 | Daily consumption | 14.5–18.3 mg genistein/day | [61] | 2001 |
| Serum level | 475.3 nmol genistein/liter of serum | ||||
| Daily excretion in urine | 14.2 μmol genistein/day | ||||
| Chinese men | 48 | Daily consumption | 19.4 ± 12.36 mg/day | [62] | 2007 |
| Adult (20–39 years old) women from the UK | 20 | Plasma genistein concentration of women that rarely consumed soy products | 14.3 nmol/L (geometric mean) | [63] | 2001 |
| 20 | Plasma genistein concentration of women that drank no soy milk but ate some solid soya foods | 16.5 nmol/L (Geometric mean) |
|||
| 20 | Plasma genistein concentration of women that drank 0.25 pints of soy milk daily and ate some solid soya foods | 119 nmol/L (geometric mean) | |||
| 20 | Plasma genistein concentration of women that drank 0.5+ pints of soy milk daily and ate solid soya foods regularly | 378 nmol/L (geometric mean) |