Table 2.
Demographic features, biochemical parameters, biomarkers for oxidative stress and inflammation of individuals with GS and controls in two age subgroups.
| Age < 35 Years (n = 134) | Age ≥ 35 Years (n = 104) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameters | Controls | Gilbert’s Syndrome | p-Value | Controls | Gilbert’s Syndrome | p-Value |
| Age (years) | 26.6 (3.9) | 26.7 (3.8) | 0.887 | 49.9 (10.0) | 50.2 (10.0) | 0.846 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 (3.9) | 22.6 (3.8) | 0.213 | 27.1 (4.55) | 23.6 (3.14) | <0.001 |
| UCB (µM/L) | 9.52 (3.89) | 30.5 (11.2) | <0.001 | 7.55 (3.45) | 31.1 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| γ-GT (U/L) | 17.8 (7.83) | 22.7 (30.0) | 0.214 | 27.6 (16.9) | 26.7 (19.3) | 0.818 |
| AST (U/L) | 25.7 (8.61) | 26.6 (8.30) | 0.585 | 24.9 (6.91) | 27.6 (9.56) | 0.094 |
| ALT (U/L) | 22.5 (9.29) | 23.5 (11.7) | 0.591 | 22.7 (9.67) | 23.9 (10.6) | 0.521 |
| Homocysteine (µM/L) | 10.9 (4.07) | 12.3 (5.46) | 0.105 | 11.5 (3.63) | 10.4 (2.44) | 0.127 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 5.33 (1.11) | 5.62 (1.14) | 0.165 | 5.28 (1.16) | 5.27 (1.07) | 0.973 |
| MDA (µM/L) | 1.30 (0.63) | 1.34 (0.65) | 0.710 | 1.48 (0.69) | 1.43 (0.58) | 0.725 |
| FRAP (µM/L) | 511 (106) | 686 (196) | <0.001 | 495 (126) | 692 (167) | <0.001 |
| oxLDL (ng/mL) | 217 (296) | 170 (205) | 0.461 | 285 (643) | 183 (252) | 0.445 |
| oxLDL:LDL ratio | 2.96 (4.57) | 1.98 (2.64) | 0.304 | 2.03 (4.06) | 2.30 (3.04) | 0.779 |
| GSH (mg/dl) | 71.6 (8.39) | 71.7 (11.3) | 0.992 | 80.0 (7.57) | 72.8 (10.7) | 0.081 |
| AOPP (µM/L) | 37.6 (12.3) | 50.1 (17.2) | 0.004 | 36.5 (11.1) | 37.6 (10.7) | 0.391 |
| Apo-A1 (mg/dl) | 146 (27.7) | 143 (24.7) | 0.432 | 150 (21.4) | 153 (20.9) | 0.432 |
| Apo-B (mg/dl) | 80.9 (21.1) | 81.9 (22.3) | 0.781 | 104 (22.1) | 86.7 (25.1) | <0.001 |
| Apo-B:Apo-A1 ratio | 0.58 (0.19) | 0.58 (0.18) | 0.889 | 0.72 (0.23) | 0.58 (0.22) | 0.009 |
| SAA (mg/l) | 4.11 (1.48) | 4.52 (4.96) | 0.553 | 5.44 (2.65) | 4.33 (1.52) | 0.027 |
| MPO (µM/L) | 44.4 (12.8) | 52.2 (19.1) | 0.094 | 57.1 (20.2) | 70.2 (31.5) | 0.288 |
| hs-CRP (mg/dl) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.055 | 0.15 (0.16) | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.131 |
| IL-6 * | 0.34 (1.04) | −0.37 (0.90) | 0.001 | 0.31 (0.96) | −0.25 (0.88) | 0.012 |
| IL-1ß * | 0.20 (0.89) | −0.15 (0.85) | 0.116 | 0.22 (1.14) | −0.28 (1.09) | 0.106 |
| Resting heart rate (bpm) | 74.8 (10.5) | 71.9 (11.4) | 0.309 | 75.4 (12.1) | 67.9 (11.1) | 0.045 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 131 (16.7) | 129 (12.7) | 0.571 | 131 (16.7) | 129 (12.7) | 0.405 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 66.6 (13.1) | 66.1 (9.6) | 0.849 | 66.6 (13.1) | 66.1 (9.56) | 0.359 |
Abbreviation: BMI (body mass index), UCB (unconjugated bilirubin), γ-GT (gamma-glutamyltransferase), AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine transferase), MDA (malondialdehyde), FRAP (ferric reducing ability potential), oxLDL (oxidized LDL), GSH (glutathione), AOPP (advanced oxidation protein products), Apo-A1 (apolipoprotein A1), Apo-B (apolipoprotein B), SAA (serum amyloid A), MPO (myeloperoxidase), hs-CRP (high-sensitive C-reactive protein), IL-6 (interleukin 6), IL-1ß (interleukin 1 beta), BP (blood pressure). * Used standardized scores (z-scores) to compare different measurements in the two studies. Bold p-values indicate statistically significant differences between the groups.