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. 2021 Sep 11;21(18):6098. doi: 10.3390/s21186098

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Vertical loading from 50 kN to 450 kN (steps of 50 kN): (a) Curvature profiles derived from DFOS strains and VWS readings. (b) Displacement curves calculated from DFOS strains and DIC compared to pointwise LVDT readings.