Figure 1.

Structural elements for effective in vitro transcription of mRNA. 5′Cap: 7-methylguanosine (m7GpppN) or additional methylation (Cap1: m7GpppN^mpN) required for recognition by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E); 5′UTR and 3′UTR: 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions required for ribosome binding and translation initiation complex formation; ORF: open reading frame encoding a gene of interest; poly-A tail: recognition by poly-A binding protein (PABP) to initiate translation, forming a hypothetical loop structure with initiation ribosome complex; m1ψ: N1-methylpseudouridine instead of uridines; Kozak: the Kozak sequence.