Table 3.
List of compounds targeting non-viral proteins and proposed mechanism of action.
| Compound | Proposed Mechanism | Clinical Trials Register | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lactoferrin | Sulfated glucosaminoglycan (sGAG) blocker | NCT01677702 (nrp); NCT01092039 (nrp) | [131,132,133,134,135] |
| Nanoparticles | Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mimetic Virion aggregation |
- | [23] |
| PDS fibrils | Virion entrapment | [25] | |
| Carrageenans | Virion entrapment | NCT01944631 (cwr); NCT04533906 (nrp) | [136,137] |
| LEI110 (*) | PLA2G16 inhibitor | - | [117] |
| Geldanamycin | HSP90 inhibitor | - | [119,138] |
| Pochonin D | HSP90 inhibitor | - | [122] |
| Wortmannin | PI 3-kinase inhibition | - | [139] |
| Dynasore | Dynamin GTPase inhibitor | - | [140] |
| Blebbistatin | Myosin ATPase activity inhibitor | - | [140] |
| Chlorpromazine | Prevent the assembly/disassembly of clathrin lattices | - | [140] |
| Filipin | Cholesterol sequestering | - | [140] |
| Itraconazole | Oxysterol binding protein inhibitor | - | [141] |
| Monensin | Endosome acidification inhibitor | - | [142] |
| Niclosamide | Endosome acidification inhibitor | - | [143] |
| EIPA | Endosome acidification inhibitor | - | [144] |
| Bafilomycin A | Endosome acidification inhibitor | - | [145] |
| Ammonium Chloride | Endosome acidification inhibitor | - | [146] |
| Cytochalasin D (CytD) | Actin-polymerisation inhibitor | - | [145] |
| Budesonide | Autophagy activator | - | [147] |
| DDD85646 | N-myristoyltransferase inhibitor | - | [124] |
| ML-9 | Myosin light chain kinase inhibitor | - | [148] |
| sMBP-V33333 | Receptor mimetic | - | [149] |
| sICAM-1 | Receptor mimetic | - | [150,151,152] |
| Dendrimers | Blocking receptor attachment of EV-A71 and HIV | - | [24,153] |
| Deoxyglucose | Metabolism modifier | - | [154] |
| Azithromycin | Immunomodulatory | - | [155] |
| LL-37 | Cathelicidins | - | [156] |
| PDS | Targeting vRNA | - | § |
| PhenDC3 | Targeting vRNA | - | § |
Abbreviations: nrp—no result posted; cwr—completed with result; w—withdrawn; * no publication related to Enteroviruses available. Clinical trial repositories: ClinicalTrial.gov, accessed on 1 September 2021 and ClinicalTrialsRegister.eu, accessed on 1 September 2021. § unreviewed manuscript preprint [157].