. 2021 Sep 10;13(9):640. doi: 10.3390/toxins13090640

Table 2.

Primary (pain) and secondary outcomes (health-related quality of life) of the included studies.

Author, Year	Outcome Measure	Group	Baseline	T1	T1 CI 95%	T2	T2 CI 95%	T3	T3 CI 95%	T4	T4 CI 95%
Pain (Primary Outcome)
Dessie 2019	VAS (0–10)	Int.	5.2 ± 2.6	4.7 ± 2.8 ^‡	0.0 [−1.6;1.3]
Dessie 2019	VAS (0–10)	Cont.	5.2 ± 2.4	4.9 ± 2.5 ^‡	0.0 [−1.6;1.3]
Bao 2018	VAS (0–10)	Int.	6.8 ± 1.1	4.7 ± 0.8 ^†	−1.2 [−1.7;−0.7]	3.9 ± 0.8 ^‡	−2.0 [−2.5;−1.5]
Bao 2018	VAS (0–10)	Cont.	6.6 ± 0.8	5.9 ± 0.7 ^†	−1.2 [−1.7;−0.7]	5.9 ± 0.8 ^‡	−2.0 [−2.5;−1.5]
Fishman 2016	VAS (0–10)	Int.	7.1 ± 1.8	3.5 ± 2.3 *	−2.7 [−3.9;−1.5]	3.2 ± 3.1 ^†	−2.9 [−4.3;−1.5]	0.6 ± 1.6 ^‡	−6.0 [−7.0;−5.0]	0.9 ± 2.4 ^§	−5.6 [−7.4;−3.8]
Fishman 2016	VAS (0–10)	Cont.	6.6 ± 2.0	6.2 ± 1.9 *	−2.7 [−3.9;−1.5]	6.1 ± 1.2 ^†	−2.9 [−4.3;−1.5]	6.6 ± 1.3 ^‡	−6.0 [−7.0;−5.0]	6.5 ± 0.2 ^§	−5.6 [−7.4;−3.8]
Monteso-Curto 2015	VAS (0–10)	Int.	7.4 ± 2.1	8.3 ± 2.1 ^‡	1.4 [−7.9;10.7]
Monteso-Curto 2015	VAS (0–10)	Cont.	6.5 ± 1.9	6.8 ± 2.0 ^‡	1.4 [−7.9;10.7]
Ferrante 2005	VAS (0–70)	Int.	63.2 ± 22.0	60.7 ± 24.3 *	10.5 [−0.5;21.6]	53.3 ± 26.3 ^†	7.2 [−3.9;18.3]	48.4 ± 28.8 ^‡	0.5 [−11.1;12.1]	51.1 ± 26.9 ^§	1.8 [−10.7;14.3]
Ferrante 2005	VAS (0–70)	Cont.	59.7 ± 24.4	50.2 ± 29.2 *	10.5 [−0.5;21.6]	46.1 ± 28.9 ^†	7.2 [−3.9;18.3]	47.9 ± 29.7 ^‡	0.5 [−11.1;12.1]	49.3 ± 33.1 ^§	1.8 [−10.7;14.3]
Schnider 2002	VAS (0–100)	Int.	52.6 ± 13.6	42.0 ± 14.8 ^‡	1.3 [−8.6;11.2]
Schnider 2002	VAS (0–100)	Cont	50.3 ± 13.2	40.7 ± 13.2 ^‡	1.3 [−8.6;11.2]
HRQoL (Secondary Outcome)
Bao 2018	PCS 36 (0–100)	Int.	37.3 ± 7.5	47.3 ± 10.1 ^†	10.7 [4.9;16.5]	56.9 ± 11.2 ^‡	20.4 [14.4;26.4]
	PCS 36 (0–100)	Cont.	36.2 ± 9.9	36.6 ± 7.9 ^†	10.7 [4.9;16.5]	36.5 ± 6.9 ^‡	20.4 [14.4;26.4]
	MCS 36 (0–100)	Int.	43.6 ± 7.7	54.3 ± 8.0 ^†	9.3 [4.3;14.3]	61.7 ± 9.0 ^‡	16.8 [11.6;22.0]
	MCS 36 (0–100)	Cont.	44.5 ± 7.73	45.0 ± 7.7 ^†	9.3 [4.3;14.3]	44.9 ± 7.2 ^‡	16.8 [11.6;22.0]
Monteso-Curto 2015	EQ-5D (0–5)	Int.	4.0 ± 1.9	4.2 ± 2.4 ^‡	−0.1 [−2.2;0.4]
Monteso-Curto 2015	EQ-5D (0–5)	Cont.	4.3 ± 1.6	5.1 ± 1.8 ^‡	−0.1 [−2.2;0.4]
Ferrante 2005	SF-36 (0–100)	Int.	No data
Ferrante 2005	SF-36 (0–100)	Cont.	No data

Legend: 95% CI, 95% confidence interval; VAS, visual analogue scale; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; PCS, physical component summary (physical functioning, role-physical, and bodily pain); MCS-36, mental component summary (social functioning, role-emotional, and mental health); EQ-5D, EuroQol-5D Health Questionnaire; SF-36, Short Form Health Survey 36 items; Int., intervention; Cont., control; * two weeks; ^† four weeks; ^‡ eight weeks; ^§ twelve weeks. The authors calculated all CIs at 95%.