Table 1.
Ref.
|
Study design
|
Sample size
|
CMRI findings
|
Other diagnostic findings
|
Kariyanna et al[24],2020 | Systematic review of 9 case reports and 2 retrospective studies | 11 COVID-19 patients with reported myocardial inflammation or myocarditis | LGE highlighted in 100% of the patients | Elevated cardiac markers (Troponin, CK-MB, BNP) in 9 cases. Bilateral ground glass opacities seen in all patients with CT (6 cases). ECG abnormalities (ST-elevation and T-wave inversion) in 7 cases, and decreased LVEF in 6 cases. Active inflammation reported in the all biopsies performed (2 cases) and cardiomegaly reported in 7 cases |
Puntmann et al[25], 2020 | Prospective observational cohort study | 100 recovered COVID-19 patients | Raised T1 in 73% of patients, raised T2 in 60%, LGE findings in 32%, and pericardial enhancement in 22% | Elevated troponin in 71% of patients, and significantly elevated Troponin in 5%. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed active lymphocytic inflammation. Lower LVEF and RVEF noted |
Huang et al[26], 2020 | Retrospective study | 26 recovered COVID-19 patients who reported cardiac symptoms and underwent CMRI | Elevated T2 and/or LGE in 58% (15 patients) with 14 patients having myocardial edema and 8 LGE +. Global T1, T2, and extracellular volume were elevated in patients with abnormal CMRIs | Decreased RVEF, cardiac index, and stroke volume found in patients with positive CMRI findings |
Clark et al[27], 2020 | Retrospective cohort analysis | 22 collegiate athletes with prior COVID-19 infection | LGE found in 9% (2 athletes) | All patients had normal Troponin, normal ECG, normal LVEF. LV mass was higher and RVEF was lower in athletes compared to control group |
Li et al[28], 2021 | Prospective observational cohort study | 40 COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe pneumonia and no cardiovascular medical history | LGE findings in 3% (1 patient), elevated extracellular volume values in 60% (24 patients) | Normal LV and RV size and function. 70% (24 patients) had lower LV 2D-global longitudinal strain with subclinical changes of myocardial dysfunction |
CMRI: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; LGE: Late gadolinium enhancement; CK-MB: Creatine kinase-MB; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CT: Computed tomography; ECG: Electrocardiogram; LVEF: Left ventricular ejection fraction; RVEF: Right ventricular ejection fraction LV: Left ventricular; RV: Right ventricular.