Table 2.
Summary of anti-HBV activities of Myanmar medicinal plants
| No | Species and local Myanmar names | Anti-HBV activities | Ref: |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Abelmoschus manihot (Kon-kado, Okra) |
In vitro and in vivo study (hyperoxide from ethanolic extract) HBsAg & HBeAg duck hepatitis B DNA < Lamivudine histological improvement |
[68] |
| 2 |
Aloe vera (Shar-saung-lat-pat-pin) |
In vitro study (extract & anthraquinones) HBsAg, HBeAg synthesis (aloe‐emodin > chrysophanol > aloin B > ethanol extract) (aloe-emodin = lamivudine) synergistic interaction with lamivudine Activate CYP3A4 activation |
[48] |
| 3 |
Alpinia officinarum (Pa-tal-kaw-lay) |
In vitro and in vivo study (Aqueous extract) binding potency to the HBsAg no hepatoprotective action |
[7] |
| 4 |
Andrographis paniculata (Say-khar-gyi) |
In vitro study (dehydroandrographolide, andrographolide and their 48 derivatives) - HBsAg & HBeAg secretions > Tenofovir DNA replication < Tenofovir |
[5] |
| 5 |
Areca catechu (Kun-thee) |
In vitro and in vivo study (Aqueous extract) binding potency to the HBsAg HBV DNA polymerase, TNF production by macrophage no hepatoprotective action |
[7] |
| 6 |
Caesalpinia sappan (Tane-nyet) |
In vitro and in vivo study (Aqueous extract) binding potency to the HBsAg HBV DNA polymerase, TNF production by macrophage no hepatoprotective action |
[7] |
| 7 |
Camellia sinensis (Green tea) (Lat-phat-sane) |
In vitro and in vivo studies (Green tea extract & EGCG) HBV RC DNA, HBsAg mRNA, HBV DNA replication, HBsAg, HBcAg (HBsAg, HBeAg > Lamivudine), (extracellular HBV DNA, intracellular replicative intermediates, cccDNA < Lamivudine), HBV mRNAs, HBV x (EGCG < extract) HBeAg, HBV precore mRNA level, HBV cccDNA and replicative intermediates of DNA HBsAg, HBV mRNA, entry (HBsAg, HBeAg > Lamivudine), (intracellular/extracellular HBV DNA < Lamivudine) HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV mRNA intracellular/extracellular HBV DNA HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV DNA (Pu-erh Tea extract) HBeAg, HBV mRNA, HBV DNA, encapsidated DNA in intracellular core particles, HBV x, reduce ROS |
[13–21] |
| 8 |
Capparis decidua (Kari-la-pin) |
In vitro study (ethonolic& aqueous extract, stem) HBsAg |
[1] |
| 9 |
Cassia fistula (Ngu-pin) |
In vitro study (methanolic crude extract, bark) HBsAg, HBV DNA < Lamivudine |
[19] |
| 10 |
Curculigo orchioides (Ka-nyut-net) |
In vitro study (phenolic glycosides (Curculigosides F–H) from rhizome) HBsAg, Curculigosides F > Lamivudine |
[81] |
| 11 |
Curcuma longa (Na-nwin) |
In vitro studies (extracts and curcumin) HBsAg, HBeAg, intracellular HBV RNA cccDNA HBV mRNA > Lamivudine (synergistic with Lamivudine) HBsAg, HBeAg, intracellular HBV DNA replication intermediates, cccDNA |
[25–28] |
| 12 |
Epedra sinica (Pan-nar-yin-kyat-say-pin) |
In vitro and in vivo study (Aqueous extract) Binding potency to the HBsAg HBV DNA polymerase, TNF production by macrophage No hepatoprotective action |
[7] |
| 13 |
Ginkgo biloba (Kabar-oo-pin) |
In vitro study (polyprenols from leaves) HBsAg, HBV DNA < Lamivudine, HBeAg > Lamivudine |
[64] |
| 14 |
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Nwe-cho) |
In vitro studies (Glycyrrhizin) Increase IFN γ production from macrophage HBsAg (processing, intracellular transport, secretion) HBsAg, HBeAg < Lamivudine (Glycyrrhetinic acid) (HBsAg & HBeAg > Tenofovir), (HBV DNA < Tenofovir) In vivo study (Glycyrrhizin) HBsAg (bind to the hepatocytes) Clinical studies (Glycyrrhizin) Liver enzymes (case report) HBsAg, HBeAg, liver enzymes (pilot study) (Glycyrrhizinic acid) Liver enzymes (randomized controlled trial) |
[30–38] |
| 15 |
Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) (Taung-yaychan-yar-pin) |
In vitro studies (ethonolic extract) (HBsAg & HBeAg > Lamivudine), (HBV DNA replication and transcription < Lamivudine) In vivo studies (Hypericin) duck HBV (slight) |
[46, 40] |
| 16 |
Jasminum officinale L. var. grandiflorum (Myat-lay-pan (White)) |
In vitro & in vivo studies (oleuropein from flowers) HBsAg, Duck HBV DNA < Lamivudine (8-epi-kingiside from buds) HBsAg, HBeAg (minimal), Duck HBV DNA < Lamivudine |
[77, 78] |
| 17 |
Melastoma malabathricum (Nyaung-yayoh-pan-pin/Say-oh-pote-pin) |
In vitro study (methanolic extract, leaves) HBsAg, HBV DNA < Lamivudine |
[19] |
| 18 |
Momordica charantia (Kyet-hin-khar) |
In vitro studies (hydroalcoholic extracts, leaves & fruits) cccDNA (Leaves > Fruits) (Recombinant MAP30) HBsAg, HBeAg, extracellular HBV DNA, cccDNA (α-momorcharin from seeds) HBV DNA |
[62, 13, 73] |
| 19 |
Moringa oleifera (Dant-tha-lun-pin) |
In vitro studies (Hydroalcoholic and buffer extracts of leaves and fruits) cccDNA (significant) (leaves and fruits) HBsAg, DNA (slightly), antifibrotic, antioxidative, and anti-IL-6 activities (leaves) |
[62, 14] |
| 20 |
Morus alba (Poe-sar-pin (White)) |
In vitro studies (1-deoxynojirimycin) HBV maturation (Mulberrofuran G and Isomulberrofuran G from root bark) (HBsAg & HBeAg > Tenofovir), HBV DNA < Tenofovir |
[20, 15] |
| 21 |
Ocimum basilicum (Pin-sane-a-yine) |
In vitro study (Aqueous extract and apigenin, linalool and ursolic acid) HBsAg (linalool < Aqueous extract < lamivudine < ursolic acid < apigenin), HBeAg (linolool < lamivudine < Aqueous extract < ursolic acid < apigenin) |
[6] |
| 22 |
Paeonia lactiflora (Thila-sandara) |
In vitro study (ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract) HBV DNA (1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose) HBV DNA < Lamivudine, HBsAg |
[31] |
| 23 |
Perovskia atriplicifolia (Ma-ya-thein) |
In vitro study (icetexane diterpenoids from ethanolic extract) HBsAg & HBeAg > Lamivudine, HBV DNA < Lamivudine |
[23] |
| 24 |
Phyllanthus acidus (Thinbaw-zee-phyu) |
In vitro study (methanolic extract, sesquiterpenoids fraction and 21 norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids, roots and stems) HBsAg & HBeAg > Lamivudine |
[35] |
| 25 |
Phyllanthus emblica (Zee-phyu) |
In vitro studies (1,2,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose from leaves & branches) HBsAg, HBeAg (sesquiterpenoid glycosides from the ethanolic extract of the roots) HBsAg & HBeAg > Lamivudine |
[70, 34] |
| 26 |
Phyllanthus niruri/amarus (Taung-zee-phyu) |
In vitro & in vivo studies HBV mRNA transcription, HBsAg mRNA transcription, HBV DNA polymerase activity duck HBsAg production (aqueous extract) Bind to HBsAg, HBV DNA polymerase, DNA polymerase and surface antigen of woodchuck hepatitis virus, histological improvement HBsAg (mRNA level) (nirtetralin A & nirtetralin B from methanolic extract) HBsAg, HBeAg (dichloromethane and ethanolic extracts) HBsAg, (HBV DNA < Lamivudine) (aqueous, butanol, and alcoholic extracts) no activity against duck HBV replicative intermediates Clinical studies HBsAg loss (study from India) No significant difference in HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV DNA and liver enzymes (studies from Netherland and Thailand) |
[55–65] |
| 27 |
Phyllanthus reticulatus (Ye-chin-yar) |
In vitro study (2 semi-purified organic fractions of the fat free ethanolic extract) HBsAg |
[9] |
| 28 |
Phyllanthus rheedei (Ma-shaw, Ma-shaw-se) |
In vitro study (aqueous, ethanol & hexane extracts) HBsAg, HBV Core, HBV x protein and whole virions Ethanolic extract – most active but < Lamivudine |
[56] |
| 29 |
Phyllanthus urinaria (Myay-zee-phyu) |
In vitro study (aqueous extract) HBeAg (ellagic acid) HBsAg, HBcAg, DNA synthesis in lamivudine resistant HBV (Corilagin and gallic acid) Clinical study No demonstrable antiviral effect in chronic hepatitis B patients (randomized controlled trial) |
[68–70] |
| 30 |
Piper longum (Pate-chin) |
In vitro study (11 compounds from ethanolic extract) HBsAg & HBeAg > Lamivudine |
[22] |
| 31 |
Polygonum cuspidatum (Japan-bote-taung-pin) |
In vitro study (Aqueous & ethanolic extract) HBV production & HBeAg HBsAg—increase* |
[4] |
| 32 |
Rubia cordifolia (Htan-kyint, Pal-saint-ni) |
In vitro study (3 naphthohydroquinones from the methanolic extract, roots) HBsAg (furomollugin & mollugin) |
[17] |
| 33 |
Swertia chirayita (Thinbaw-say-khar-gyi) |
In vitro study (compounds from ethanol–water extract, whole plant) HBsAg & HBeAg > Tenofovir HBV DNA < Tenofovir |
[80] |
| 34 |
Terminalia chebula (Phan-khar-pin) |
In vitro & in vivo studies (aqueous extract from leaves, nuts & roots) HBsAg, DNA polymerase, reduce TNF from macrophage, no hepatoprotective action HBsAg, HBV DNA > Dideoxycytidine (ethanolic extract of fruits) HBsAg, DNA polymerase < Lamivudine, induce IFN-γ and IL-2 (lyophilized aqueous & ethanolic extracts) HBsAg binding (Ethanolic extract = Lamivudine), DNA polymerase (Aqueous > Lamivudine) |
[7, 75–77] |
| 35 |
Vitis vinifera (Sa-pyit-pin) |
In vitro study (Total triterpene, total flavonoids & total polysaccharides) HBsAg & HBeAg < Lamivudine HBV DNA < Lamivudine |
[33] |
> Superior to, < Inferior to, = comparable to
HBsAg—Hepatitis B surface antigen, HBeAg—Hepatitis B envelope antigen, DNA—Deoxyribonucleic acid, CYP3A4—Cytochrome P450 3A4, TNF—Tumour necrosis factor, EGCG—Epigallocatechin gallate, RC DNA- relaxed circular DNA, RNA—Ribonucleic acid, mRNA—Messenger RNA, cccDNA—covalently closed circular DNA, ROS—Reactive oxygen species, IFN γ—Interferon gamma, IL2—interleukin-2