Liver steatosis |
↓ Liver mass, ↓ content of triglycerides, free fatty acids, and cholesterol in the liver tissues |
[50-52,54] |
Liver inflammation |
↓ Myeloperoxidase activity, expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene and neutrophil infiltration in the liver |
[54] |
Oxidative stress in liver |
↓ Level of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde and ↑ level of glutathione and catalase in the liver tissue |
[50,51,54] |
Death of hepatocytes |
↓ Serum aminotransferases |
[50-54] |
Systemic inflammation |
↓ Serum IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha |
[51-53] |
Bacterial translocation |
↓ Serum lipopolysaccharide |
[51-54] |
Gut dysbiosis |
↑ Firmicutes, Clostridiales and Lactobacillales; ↓ Proteobacteria and Campylobacterales |
[51,53] |
Damage to the intestinal epithelium |
↓ Serum diamine oxidase |
[53] |
Increased intestinal permeability |
↓ Serum D-lactate, ↑ the amount of occludin and other protein of tight junction in the gut epithelium, ↓ intestinal permeability for dyes |
[50,52-54] |
Dyslipidemia |
↓ Serum cholesterol and triglycerides |
[50,52-54] |