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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Cancer Biol. 2021 Mar 27;85:4–32. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.03.010

Table 1.

Basic information about the metabolic target genes of wild type p53.

Functional category of target gene Target gene Full name of target gene Positively (+) or negatively (−) regulated by p53 How does p53 regulate it Metabolic effect of p53 by regulating this target gene Promote (+) or suppress (−) cancer when p53 regulates this target gene (NA, not applicable in the orignal reference) Other metabolic role of this target gene Reference
Glucose metabolism GLUT1/4 Glucose transporter 1/4 − Suppress transcription Inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis − [19, 21, 22, 24]
PON2 Paraoxonase 2 − Suppress transcription Inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis − [22]
RRAD Ras-related associated with diabetes + Promote transcription Inhibit GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane to import glucose, thus inhibit glycolysis − [24]
Lipid metabolism GLUT3 Glucose transporter 3 − Inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which activates GLUT3 Inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis − [23]
GLUT12 (SLC2A12) Glucose transporter 12 (solute carrier family 2 member 12) − Suppress transcription Inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis − [20]
INSR (IR) Insulin receptor − Suppress transcription Inhibit glucose uptake and glycolysis − [25]
HK1 and GPI HK1: hexokinase 1; GPI: glucose phosphate isomerase − Induce miR-34a to inhibit translation Inhibit glycolysis − [27]
HK2 Hexokinase 2 +/− Activate TIGAR to promote its activity or induce miR-34a and miR-143 to inhibit its translation Lower ROS or inhibit glycolysis − ROS control [27, 28, 40]
PGM Phosphoglycerate mutase +/− Promote transcription (in muscle) or suppress transcription (in fibroblast) or induce miR-34a to inhibit its translation Promote or inhibit glycolysis +/− [27, 29, 39]
ENO3 β-enolase − Suppress transcription Inhibit glycolysis and lactate production NA [30]
TIGAR TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator + Promote transcription Inhibit glycolysis to promote PPP or promote HK2 activity to lower ROS + ROS control [31, 40]
PFKFB3 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 − Suppress transcription Inhibit glycolysis but promote PPP − [32]
PFKFB4 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 − Suppress transcription Promote glycolysis but inhibit PPP − [33]
G6PDH Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase − Bind to inhibit its activity Inhibit PPP − [34]
MCT1 (SLC16A1) Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (solute carrier family 16 member 1) − Suppress transcription Inhibit lactate export and glycolysis − [37]
G6PC Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit +/− Promote expression or inhibit expression through activation of SIRT6 Promote or suppress glyconeogenesis −/+ [41, 43]
PCK1 Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 − Inhibit expression through activation of SIRT6 Suppress glyconeogenesis + [43]
PCK2, GK, AQP3/9, and GOT1 PCK2: phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2; AQP3/9: aquaporin 3/9; GOT1: glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 + Promote expression Promote glyconeogenesis − [41]
GYS2 Glycogen synthase 2 − Suppress transcription Inhibit glycogen synthesis + [44]
FUCA1 Alpha-L-fucosidase 1 + Promote transcription Promote chemotherapy-induced apoptosis − [47]
PDK1 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 − Induce miR-34a to inhibit translation Promote TCA cycle − [27]
PDK2 Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 2 − Suppress transcription Promote TCA cycle − [48]
PARK2 (Parkin) Parkinson disease 2 +/− Promote transcription or bind to suppress its activity (1) Promote TCA cycle (by enhance the expression of PDHA1--a component of PDH complex); (2) inhibit glycolysis (by suppress PKM2 and HIF1α); (3) positively regulate PTEN to lower ROS and repress the PI3K/AKT pathway; (4) promote OXPHOS with PINK1; (5) promote mitophagy to suppress ferroptosis − ROS control, autophagy, and ferroptosis [35, 36, 49, 57, 234 , 259, 280]
GLS2 Glutaminase 2 + Promote transcription Promote TCA cycle and ferroptosis − Amino acid metabolism [51, 52]
ME1/2 Malic enzyme 1/2 − Suppress transcription Inhibit NADPH synthesis and lipogenesis, suppress glutaminolysis, promote senescence − [53]
PC Pyruvate carboxylase +/− Promote or suppress transcription (1) Promote TCA cycle in PDAC; (2) Inhibit TCA cycle and OXPHO in pancreatic β cell and impair GSIS (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion), leading to glucose intolerance − [54, 69]
IDH1 Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 + Promote transcription Promote TCA cycle and α-ketoglutarate generation in PDAC − [54]
TET2 Ten-eleven translocation 2 +/− Support its function by accumulation of αKG or promote its autophagic degradation Promote PDAC differentiation or decrease cancer therapeutic resistance − [54, 366]
SCO2 Synthesis of cytochrome c oxidase 2 + Promote transcription Promote formation of the cytochrome c oxidase complex (complex IV) and enhance OXPHOS − [55]
AIF Apoptosis-inducing factor + Promote transcription Promote stability of the mitochondrial complex I and enhance OXPHOS − [56]
DPYSL4 Dihydropyrimidinase-like 4 + Promote transcription Promote mitochondrial supercomplexes activity and enhance OXPHOS − [58]
OSCP Oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein + Bind to promote its activity Promotes assembly of F1F0-ATP synthase and enhance OXPHOS NA [59]
RelA RELA protooncogene, NF-κB subunit − Bind to suppress its activity Promote mitochondrial gene expression and OXPHOS − [60]
TFAM Transcription factor A, mitochondrial + Promote transcription or bind to promote its activity Promote mitochondrial DNA replication and function to enhance OXPHOS − [61, 62]
POLG Mitochondrial DNA polymerase subunit γ + Bind to promote its activity Promote mitochondrial genome stability and enhance OXPHOS NA [63]
HmtSSB Human single-stranded DNA-binding protein, mitochondrial + Bind to promote its activity Promote mitochondrial genome stability and enhance OXPHOS NA [64]
Tom20, Tim23, and mtHsp60/70 Tom20: translocase of outer membrane 20; Tim23: translocase of inner membrane 23; mtHsp60/70: mitochondrial heat shock protein 60/70 + Promote transcription Promote mitochondrial normal function and enhance OXPHOS − [65]
MNF2 Mitofusin 2 + Promote transcription Promote mitochondrial fusion and enhance OXPHOS − [67]
apoB and apobec1 apoB: apolipoprotein B; apobec1: apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic subunit 1 + Promote transcription Promote APOB biogenesis and lipid transportation NA [72]
PLTP, Abca12, and Cel PLTP: phospholipid transfer protein; Abca12: ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 12; Cel: carboxyl ester lipase + Promote transcription Promote lipid transport in circulation NA [73]
CYP19 Aromatase + Promote transcription Inihibit lipid accumulation and avoid fat NA [74]
SIRT1 NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 + Bind Foxo3a to promote its transcription Inhibit lipid accumulation NA [75, 76]
DHRS3 Dehydrogenase/reductase 3 + Promote transcription Promote lipid droplet formation NA [77]
NPC1L1, TNF, and CCL2 NPC1L1: NPC1 like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; CCL2: C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 + Promote transcription Promote fat accumulation NA [78]
SREBP-1c Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c − Suppress transcription Inhibit lipogenesis − [79]
OPN Osteopontin + Promote transcription Inhibit de novo lipogenesis NA [80]
ADRB3 Adrenoceptor beta 3 + Promote transcription Promote lipolysis + [81]
PANK1 Pantothenate kinase 1 + Promote transcription Promote CoA synthesis to facilitate β-oxidation and gluconeogenesis NA Glueose metabolism [42]
CROT Carnitine O-octanoyltransferase + Promote transcription Promote transport of medium length acyl chains to the mitochondria to facilitate FAO NA [73, 82]
MCD Malonyl-CoA decarboxylase + Promote transcription Promote import long chain fatty acid into mitochondria to facilitate FAO − [83]
Acad11 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family member 11 + Promote transcription Promote FAO + [84]
LPIN1 Lpin1 + Promote transcription Promote FAO − [85]
CPT1C Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1C + Promote transcription Promote transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria to facilitate FAO + [86]
PGC1α/β Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α/β − Suppress transcription (1) Inhibit mitochondria biogenesis to promote premature aging upon telomere attrition (2) PGC-1α directly binds p53 to promotes cell survival upon metabolic stress (3) p53 inhibits FAO by downregulating PGC1α NA [70, 71, 94, 322]
APLN and APLNR APLN: Apelin; APLNR: Apelin receptor − Suppress transcription Inhibit FAO NA [94]
SK1 Sphingosine kinase 1 − Suppress transcription Promote synthesis of proapoptotic ceramides and sphingosine, while inhibit synthesis of the anti-apoptotic S1P − [88]
CERS6 Ceramide synthase 6 + Promote transcription Promote synthesis of proapoptotic ceramide − [89]
nSMASE2 Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 + Promote transcription Promote synthesis of proapoptotic ceramide − [90]
ACER2 Alkaline ceramidase 2 + Promote transcription Inhibit ceramide but promote sphingosine and S1P synthesis −/+ [91]
CERS5 Ceramide synthase 5 + Promote transcription Promote synthesis of C16:0-ceramide to promote autophagy and mitochondrial respiration, and thus enhancing chemoresistance to chemotherapy + [92]
CDS1/2 CDP-diacylglycerol synthase 1/2 + Promote transcription Promote cardiolipin de novo synthesis NA [93]
Hmgcll1 3-hydroxymethyl-3-methylglutaryl-coA lyase like 1 + Promote transcription Promote ketone bodies generation and energy production − [84]
LIMA1 LIM domain and actin binding 1 + Promote transcription Promote cholestrol uptake − [95, 96]
CAV Caveolin 1 + Promote transcription Promote cell cholesterol efflux +/− [97]
SHP Small heterodimer partner + Promote transcription Inhibit bile acid synthesis and intestinal lipid absorption NA [98]
ABCC3 and CYP2B6 ABCC3: ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 3; CYP2B6: cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily B member 6 + Promote transcription Promote bile acid disposition and improve cholestasis NA [99]
ABCA1 ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1 + Promote transcription Inhibit mevalonate pathway − [101]
HMGCR, MVK, FDPS, and FDFT1 HMGCR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase; MVK: mevalonate kinase; FDPS: farnesyl diphosphate synthase; FDFT1: farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase 1 + Promote transcription Promote mevalonate pathway NA [102]
SOAT1 Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 − Suppress transcription Inhibit mevalonate pathway − [103]
SCD1 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase − Suppress transcription Inhibit fatty acid desaturation − Cros stalk with AKT [105]
Sema3E Semaphorin 3E + Promote transcription Promote adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance NA [106, 107]
PRDM16 PR/SET domain 16 + Promote transcription Promote brown adipose tissue differentiation and thermogenesis NA [108]
Elovl3 Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3 + Promote transcription Promote thermogenesis NA [109]
Amino acid metabolism SLC1A3 Solute carrier family 1 member 3 + Promote transcription Promote aspartate uptake and cancer cell adaptation to glutamine deprivation + Amino acid metabolism [113]
SLC7A3 Solute carrier family 7 member 3 + Promote transcription Promote arginine uptake and cancer cell adaptation to glutamine deprivation + Amino acid metabolism [114]
SLC7A11 Solute carrier family 7 member 11 − Suppress transcription Inihibit cystine uptake and promote ferroptosis − Amino acid metabolism [115, 116, 228]
p21 CDKN1A, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A + Promote transcription (1) Promote cell cycle arrest and cancer cell survival under serine/glutamine/cystine deprivation (2) stablilize NRF2 +/− Amino acid metabolism and ROS control [120, 121, 172, 232]
MDM2 Mouse double minute 2 homolog + Promote transcription (1) Promote serine metabolism and redox homeostasis; (2) promote adipocyte differentiation + Amino acid metabolism and ROS control [110, 122]
PHGDH Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase − Suppress transcription Inhibit serine synthesis − Amino acid metabolism [123]
ASS1 Argininosuccinate synthase 1 + Promote transcription Promote arginine biosynthesis and inhibit AKT + Amino acid metabolism and cross talk with AKT [124]
ASNS Asparagine synthetase − Suppress transcription Suppress asparagine synthesis and promote senescence and cell cycle arrest − Crosstalk with AMPK [127]
PW1 PEG3, paternally expressed gene 3 + Promote expression Inhibit muscle differention and promote muscle atrophy and cachexia + Amino acid metabolism [129]
Ammonia metabolism SAT1 Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 + Promote transcription Promote ALOX15 activity and ferroptosis − Ferroptosis [130]
CPS1, OTC, and ARG 1 CPS1: carbamoylphosphate synthase 1; OTC: ornithine carbamoyltransferase; ARG1 : Arginase 1 − Suppress transcription Suppresse ureagenesis and ammonia elimination − Amino acid metabolism [131]
Nucleotide metabolism dUTPase DUT, deoxyuridine triphosphatase − Suppress transcription Inhibit dTTP biogenesis − [133]
GMPS Guanine monophosphate synthase − Suppress transcription Inhibit GMP biogenesis − [134, 135]
IMPDH Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase − Induce miR-34a to inhibit its translation Inhibit GTP biogenesis − [136]
RRM1/2 Ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1/2 − Suppress expression by inhibiting mTOR Inhibit nucleotide synthesis − [137]
p53R2 (RRM2B) Ribonucleotide reductase regulatory TP53 inducible subunit M2B + Promote transcription (1) Promote dNTP synthesis; (2) bind catalase to lower ROS −/+ ROS control [138, 139, 195]
ADORA2B Adenosine A2b receptor + Promote transcription Promote extracellular adenosine sensing and apoptosis − [144]
Iron metabolism TFR1 Transferrin receptor 1 −/+ Inhibit or promote expression posttranscriptionally Induce cell cycle arrest by reducing intracellular iron level or promote ferroptosis by increasing intracellular iron level − [148, 152]
ferritin ferritin + Promote expression posttranscriptionally Induce cell cycle arrest by reducing the labile iron level − [148]
ZIP14 (SLC39A14) Zrt- and Irt-like protein 14 (solute carrier family 39 member 14) − Bind to promote its ubiquitin-mediated degradation Inhibit iron uptake − [149, 150]
HAMP Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide + Promote transcription Reduce serum iron and induce iron sequestration in the reticuloendothelial macrophages − [151]
ISCU Iron-sulfur cluster assembly enzyme + Promote transcription Promote Fe-S cluster biogenesis to reduce labile iron level and ROS − ROS control [153]
FXN Frataxin + Promote transcription Promote Fe-S cluster biogenesis to reduce labile iron level and ROS − [154, 155]
FDXR Ferredoxin reductase + Promote transcription Promote Fe-S cluster biogenesis to reduce labile iron level and ROS − ROS control [156, 157]
SLC25A28 Solute carrier family 25 member 28 + Binds to promote its activity Promote abnormal accumulation of mitochondrial iron and ferroptosis NA [158]
ROS control NRF2 NFE2L2, nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 +/− Promote its stabilization by inducing p21 or suppress its transcription by inhibiting Sp1 Lower or enhance ROS +/− [172, 176, 183, 339]
SESN1 (PA26) Sestrin 1 (p53 activated gene 26) + Promote transcription Lower ROS − Crosstalk with AMPK [173, 175, 193, 273]
SESN2 (Hi95) Sestrin 2 (hypoxia induced gene 95) + Promote transcription Lower ROS −/+ Crosstalk with AMPK [174, 175, 193, 273]
PML PML nuclear body scaffold + Promote transcription Function as a ROS sensor to activate p53 − [184–186]
COX-2 PTGS2, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 −/+ Suppress or promote expression Enhance or lower ROS −/+ [187, 188]
NOS2 Nitric oxide synthase 2 − Suppress transcription Lower ROS − [187]
NOS3 (eNOS) Nitric oxide synthase 3 (Endothelial NOS) +/− Promote or suppress transcription (1) Protect cardiomyocytes from ischemia/ref low-induced death; (2) Protect organism from dietary obesity NA [21, 189]
NOX4 NADPH oxidase 4 − Suppress expression Lower ROS and cell metastasis − [190]
Mieap (SPATA18) Mitochondria-eating protein (spermatogenesis associated 18) + Promote transcription Promote repair or degradation of unhealthy mitochondria and lower ROS NA OXP HOS [66]
CAT Catalase +/− Promote transcription or suppress activity Lower or enhance ROS NA [191, 195]
GPX1 Glutathione peroxidase 1 + Promote transcription Lower ROS (may enhance ROS and apoptosis in specific circumstances) − [192]
MnSOD (SOD2) Manganese superoxide dismutase (superoxide dismutase 2) +/− Promote or inhibit transcription or directly bind to suppress its activity or destablize protein Lower or enhance ROS − [192, 196–198]
HO-1 (HMOX1) Heme oxygenase-1 +/− Promote transcription or destablize protein Lower or enhance ROS NA [194, 198, 199]
ALDH4 ALDH4A1, aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family member A1 + Promote transcription Lower ROS NA Amino acid metabolism [126]
SLC2A9 (GLUT9) Solute carrier family 2 member 9 (glucose transporter 9) + Promote transcription Promote transport uric acid into cell to lower ROS − Uric acid metabolism [132]
TP53INP1 Tp53-inducible nuclear protein 1 + Promote transcription Lower ROS or promote autophagy-dependent cell death − Autophagy [200, 263]
PUMA p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis + Promote transcription Ehance ROS or suppress mitochondrial pyruvate uptake by inactivating MPC, thus suppressing OXPHOS −/+ OXP HOS [68, 201, 202]
BAX BCL2-associated X protein + Promote transcription Ehance ROS − [203, 204]
Noxa PMAIP1: phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1 + Promote transcription Ehance ROS − [205, 206]
NCF2/p67p hox Neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 + Promote transcription Ehance ROS + [208]
p66Shc SHC1: SHC adaptor protein 1 + Promote transcription Ehance ROS − [209]
PIG1 (Galectin-7/LGALS7) p53-induced gene 1 (lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 7) + Promote transcription Enhance ROS − [210, 211]
PIG3 (TP53I3) p53-induced gene 3 (tumor protein p53 inducible protein 3) + Promote transcription Enhance ROS − [195, 210]
PIG6 (PRODH/POX) p53-induced gene 6 (proline dehydrogenase 1/proline oxidase) + Promote transcription Catalyze proline dehydrogenation and enhance ROS − Amino acid metabolism [125, 210]
NQO1 and GST-α1 NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1; GST-α1: glutathione S-transferase α1 − Suppress transcription by inhibiting NRF2 Ehance ROS − [115]
DRP1 DNM1L: dynamin 1 like + Bind to promote its activity Promote mitochondria fragmentation and dysfunction, and enhance mitochondrial ROS NA [212]
Opa1 OPA1 mitochondrial dynamin like GTPase + Bind prohibitin 1 (PHB1) to release Opa1 Promote mitochondria fragmentation (enhance ROS) and apoptosis − [213]
cyclophilin D (CypD) PPIF: peptidylprolyl isomerase F + Bind to promote its activity Promote mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) opening (enhance ROS) and necrosis − [214]
CTSQ cathepsin Q + Promote transcription Promote necrosis along with ROS − [215]
Ferroptosis CBS Cystathionine β-synthase − Suppress expression posttranscriptionally Promote ferroptosis − Amino acid metabolism [119]
DPP4 Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 − Bind to inhibit its activity Inhibit ferroptosis + ROS control [233]
Autophagy ATG2B/4A/4C/7/10, UVRAG, and VMP1(TME M49) ATG2B/4A/4C/7/10: autophagy related 2B/4A/4C/7/10 ;UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; VMP1(TMEM4 9): vacuole membrane protein 1 (transmembrane protein 49) + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [239]
ULK1/2 Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1/2 + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [239, 241]
DRAM Damage-regulated autophagy modulator + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [243]
CTSD Cathepsin D + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [244–247]
ISG20L1 (AEN) Interferon stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa-like 1 (apoptosis enhancing nuclease) + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [248]
Dapk1 Death associated protein kinase 1 + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [249]
PIG8 (EI24) p53-induced gene 8 (EI24 autophagy associated transmembrane protein) + Promote transcription Promote autophagy and cell death − [250]
TGM2 Transglutaminase 2 + Promote transcription Promote autophagy − [251]
BNIP3 BCL2 interacting protein 3 +/− Promote or inhibit transcription Promote mitophagy or suppress hypoxia-induced apoptosis + [253, 254]
BNIP3L (NIX) BCL2 interacting protein 3 like (NIP-3-like protein X) + Promote transcription Promote mitophagy and cell death − [255, 256]
HMGB1 High mobility group box 1 − Bind to inhibit its activity Inhibit autophagy + [257]
LC3 MAP1LC3A, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha −/+ Inhibit expression posttranscriptionally or induce TP53INP 1 to bind and promote its activity Inhibit or promote autophagy +/− [262, 263]
RB1CC1 (FIP200) RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 (FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 KDa) − Bind to inhibit its activity Inhibit autophagy NA [264]
Crosstalk with metabolic sensors AMPKβ1/2 and TSC2 AMPKβ1/2: protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit α2/β2; TSC2: tuberous sclerosis complex 2 + Promote transcription Activate AMPK but repress mTOR pathway − [271]
LKB1 Liver kinase B1 + Promote transcription Activate AMPK pathway − [272]
IGF1R Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor − Suppress transcription Repress AKT pathway − [275, 276]
IGFBP3 Insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 + Promote transcription Repress AKT pathway − [277]
IGFBP1 Insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 + Promote transcription Inhibit apoptosis + [278]
PTEN Phosphatase and tensin homolog + Promote transcription Repress AKT and mTOR pathway − [271, 279]
PLK1 Polo-like kinase 1 − Suppress transcription Repress AKT pathway − [281–283]
PLK2 Polo-like kinase 2 + Promote transcription Repress mTOR pathway − [284, 285]
REDD1 DDIT4: DNA damage inducible transcript 4 + Promote transcription Repress mTOR pathway − [286–289]
PHLDA1/3 Pleckstrin homology like domain family A member 1/3 + Promote transcription Repress AKT pathway − [290–292]
SIVA SIVA1: SIVA1 apoptosis inducing factor + Promote transcription Promote mTOR pathway + [293–295]
Drug metabolism CYPs, SULTs, and MRPs CYPs: cytochromes P450 family; SULTs: sulfotransferase family; MRPs: multidrug resistance-associated protein family + Promote transcription Promote metabolism of drugs, carcinogens, and pollutants NA [392–396]