Table 6.
Reported side effects of various drugs used for treatment of human intestinal cryptosporidiosis.
| Drugs | Side effectsa | References |
|---|---|---|
| Nitazoxanide | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, skin rash, scleral and urine discoloration, anorexia, worsening diarrhea, dry mouth, constipation | (Ali and Kumar, 2015; Amadi et al., 2009; Rossignol, 2006; Rossignol et al., 1998, 2001, 2006) |
| Paromomycin | Nausea, abdominal pain, elevated alkaline phosphatases | (Bissuel et al., 1994; Fichtenbaum et al., 1993; Hewitt et al., 2000; Smith et al., 1998) |
| Macrolides (azithromycin, spiramycin, roxithromycin, erythromycin) | Nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, skin rash, elevated liver transaminases, worsening diarrhea | (Connolly et al., 1988; Dionisio et al., 1998; Sprinz et al., 1998; Uip et al., 1998) |
| Somatostatin analogue (octrotide, vapreotide) | Local pain at injection site, abdominal pain, nausea, fever, cholecystitis and pancreatitis | (Cello et al., 1991; Girard et al., 1992; Romeu et al., 1991) |
| Bovine colostrum and immunoglobulin | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain | (Nord et al., 1990; Plettenberg et al., 1993) |
| Letrazuril | Skin rash, elevated alkaline phosphatases, worsening diarrhea, fever | (Harris et al., 1994; Loeb et al., 1995) |
| Rifaximin | None | Amenta et al. (1999) |
| Albendazole | Nausea, vomiting | Zulu et al. (2002) |
| Miltefosine | Elevated liver transaminases, renal failure, intestinal obstruction, visual acuity impairment | Sinkala et al. (2011) |
| Clofazimine | Worsening diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, malaise, anorexia | Tam et al. (2020) |
| Probiotics | None | Sindhu et al. (2014) |
a
Written from the most to the least commonly reported side effects.