Table 3.
Independent risk factors of long-term mortality.
| Predictors | Long-term mortality | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted HR | 95% CI | P value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Management of VSR (Medical management as reference) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Percutaneous transcatheter closure | 0.078 | 0.037–0.167 | <0.001 | 0.09 | 0.03–0.26 | <0.001 |
| Surgery | 0.066 | 0.023–0.183 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.001–0.09 | <0.001 |
| Revascularization therapy (Medical management as reference) | 0.001 | 0.90 | 0.40–2.04 | 0.802 | ||
| PCI | 0.46 | 0.28–0.76 | 0.002 | |||
| CABG | 0.11 | 0.03–0.47 | 0.003 | |||
| Age (year) | 1.03 | 1.01–1.06 | 0.008 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.588 |
| Male sex | 0.67 | 0.44–1.02 | 0.064 | 1.07 | 0.46–2.51 | 0.873 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 5.39 | 3.23–8.99 | <0.001 | 9.30 | 3.38–25.62 | <0.001 |
| VSR type (Acute VSR as reference) | 0.048 | 0.277 | ||||
| Subacute | 0.77 | 0.46–1.29 | 0.322 | 0.64 | 0.26–1.56 | 0.326 |
| Late presentation | 0.53 | 0.32–0.88 | 0.014 | 0.47 | 0.19–1.20 | 0.115 |
| Size of main VSR | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.188 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.09 | 0.687 |
| VSR Location (Apical as reference) | 0.201 | 0.866 | ||||
| Anterior | 0.77 | 0.42–1.43 | 0.410 | 0.71 | 0.20–2.51 | 0.597 |
| Posterior | 0.53 | 0.26–1.11 | 0.092 | 0.91 | 0.21–3.95 | 0.897 |
| Complicated with ventricular arrhythmia | 1.85 | 1.05–3.26 | 0.032 | 0.43 | 0.13–1.47 | 0.179 |
| IABP support | 1.05 | 0.65–1.71 | 0.843 | 0.67 | 0.28–1.57 | 0.353 |
| Previous history of MI | 0.79 | 0.32–1.94 | 0.603 | 1.36 | 0.24–7.64 | 0.727 |
| Hypertension | 0.98 | 0.65–1.50 | 0.933 | 1.03 | 0.45–2.35 | 0.954 |
| Diabetes | 1.20 | 0.77–1.87 | 0.419 | 1.15 | 0.53–2.50 | 0.725 |
| Heart rate | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.081 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.600 |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.015 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.363 |
| Left ventricular eject fraction | 0.98 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.033 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.959 |
| Log NT-pro BNP | 4.26 | 2.30–7.88 | <0.001 | 1.74 | 0.47–6.39 | 0.406 |
| Log CTNI | 3.12 | 1.95–5.01 | <0.001 | 1.27 | 0.70–2.31 | 0.472 |
| Log CK-MB | 1.51 | 1.19–1.91 | 0.001 | 1.75 | 0.47–6.39 | 0.436 |
| Log LDH | 2.58 | 1.30–5.09 | 0.006 | 1.54 | 0.21–11.1 | 0.667 |
| Log AST | 2.37 | 1.69–3.30 | <0.001 | 0.67 | 0.26–1.70 | 0.397 |
| WBC | 1.05 | 1.02–1.08 | 0.002 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.11 | 0.228 |
| eGFR (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2 as reference) | 0.009 | 0.664 | ||||
| 60–90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1.20 | 0.70–2.05 | 0.516 | 1.52 | 0.52–4.72 | 0.427 |
| <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2.22 | 1.30–3.80 | 0.004 | 1.57 | 0.57–4.04 | 0.401 |
HR, hazard ratios; CI, confidence intervals; VSR, ventricular septal rupture; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; CTNI, cardiac troponin I; CK-MB, creatine kinase MB; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; AST, aspartate transaminase; WBC, white blood cell; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate.