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. 2021 Sep 13;8:739489. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.739489

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Interleukin-33 (IL-33), as alarmin, activates tissue cells and a variety of innate immune cells. Extracellular IL-33, acting on bronchial epithelial cells, led to upregulation of IL-8, IL-17F, and GM-CSF. IL-33 also upregulated IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 by stimulating pulmonary endothelial cells. IL-33 not only stimulated the activation and maturation of mast cells, and upregulation of TLR4, MD2, and MyD88 in macrophages, but also upregulated CD80, CD40, CCR7, and CCL17 in dendritic cells. GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; TLR-4, Toll-like receptor 4; MD2, myeloid differentiation protein-2; MyD88, myeloid differential protein-88; CCR7, cxc chemokine receptor 7; CCL17, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17.