Table 6.
Nanocarriers to Deliver Anti-VEGF Agents
| Study | Disease | Experimental Models | Drug | Vehicle/Carriers | Production Method(s) | Results | Mean Particle Size (nm) | Future Direction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formica ML, et al147 2021 | Neovascular ocular pathologies | HUVEC | Bevacizumab and triamcinolone | Lipid mix and stabilizers | Phase inversion temperature | Enhanced antiangiogenic properties in HUVEC | 113–182 | Unspecified |
| Liu J, et al192 2019 | CNV | Rabbit mode | Bevacizumab and dexamethasone | PLGA-nanoparticles | Emulsion-solvent evaporation | Sustained release effects in vitro; enhanced efficacy inhibiting tube formation and VEGF secretion in HUVEC; increased antiangiogenic efficacy of CNV in a rabbit model. | 190–222 | Merit future investigation to validate and improve clinical use in treating AMD and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases. |
| Sun JG, et al149 2019 | Corneal neovascularization and an oxygen-induced retinopathy | Mice model | Bevacizumab | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | Nanocasting | Sustained release effects in vitro; enhanced antiangiogenic properties in HUVEC; enhanced antiangiogenic efficacy in vivo. | 140 | Unspecified |
| Savin CL, et al193 2019 | DR | Rabbit model | Bevacizumab | Chitosan grafted polyethylene glycol) methacrylate nanoparticles | Double crosslinking (ionic and covalent) process in reverse emulsion | Sustained release effects in vitro; enhanced efficacy as antiangiogenic in vivo. | 200–900 | Unspecified |
| Ugˇurlu N, et al194 2019 | Eye posterior segment neovascularization | Rabbit model | Bevacizumab | Chitosan nanoparticles | Ionic gelation | Sustained release effects in vitro; high intravitreal drug concentration after subtenon injection in vivo. | 188 | Further studies are warranted to evaluate the stability of antibody-loaded nanoparticles and the anti-angiogenesis of bevacizumab loaded nanoparticles. |
| Luis de Redín I, et al150 2019 | Corneal neovascularization | Rat model | Bevacizumab | Human serum albumin nanoparticles | Desolvation followed by freeze-drying | Sustained release effects in vivo; formulation remained in eye for more than 4 hours post-topical administration; improved antiangiogenic efficacy in vivo. | 310 | Unspecified |
| Juan M. Llabot, et al195 2019 | Corneal neovascularization | Unspecified | Bevacizumab and suramin | Human serum albumin nanoparticles | Desolvation | Sustained release effects in vivo; bevacizumab released from Nps-Ga was characterized by a small burst effect followed by a sustained release rate. | 158–210 | Unspecified |
| Zhang XP, et al196 2018 | Oxygen-induced retinopathy and corneal neovascularization | Mice model | Bevacizumab | PLGA-nanoparticles | Double-emulsion solvent evaporation | Sustained release effects in vitro; increased half-life of drug and enhanced antiangiogenic efficacy in vivo; enhanced antiangiogenic properties in HUVEC. | 133 | Unspecified |
| Yan J, et al197 2018 | Neovascular age-related macular degeneration | Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | Ranibizumab | Ring opening polymerization, following addition of iron oxide nanoparticles | PLGA-PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles | Inhibition of the tube formation in HUVEC | 5–10 | Unspecified |
| D. K. Karumanchi, et al198 2018 | Unspecified | Rabbit model | Bevacizumab | Phospholipids and lipids of different chain size | Lipid hydration and extrusion | Sustained release effects in vivo; slow release and retained antibody activity after intravitreal administration in vivo. | 120–385 | Unspecified |
| Mu H, et al199 2018 | CNV | Rabbit model | Bevacizumab | Phospholipids and lipids of different chain size, albumin and PVA | Double emulsification | Sustained release effects in vivo; prolonged residency time in eye after intravitreal injection in vivo; enhanced antiangiogenic efficacy in a laser-induced CNV. | 1190–4360 | Unspecified |
| Pandit J, et al200 2017 | VEGF related retinal disease | Goat and pig | Bevacizumab | Chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles | Emulsion-solvent evaporation | Increased drug transscleral permeation; enhanced bioadhesion in vivo. | 222 | Further studies concerning the cytotoxicity and concentration dependent reduction of the VEGF concentration in DR model were underway. |
| Sousa F, et al201 2017 | VEGF related retinal disease | HUVEC | Bevacizumab | PLGA-nanoparticles | Double-emulsion solvent evaporation | Sustained pH-dependent bevacizumab release in vitro. | 198 | The mechanisms underlying bevacizumab delivery at the sub-cellular level are certainly needed. |
| Elsaid N, et al202 2016 | Macular diseases | HUVEC | Ranibizumab | PLGA microparticles entrapping chitosan nanoparticles | Chitosan crosslinking –modified double emulsion method | Sustained release effects in vivo; enhanced antiangiogenic properties in HUVEC. | 17–350 | Unspecified |
| Varshochian R, et al48 2015 | Eye posterior segment neovascularization | Rabbit mode | Bevacizumab | PLGA-albumin nanoparticles | Double-emulsion solvent evaporation | Sustained release bevacizumab for about 2 months after intravitreal injection and increased half-life of drug in vivo. | 190 | Unspecified |
| Lu Y, et al203 2014 | Diabetic retinopathy | Rabbit model | Bevacizumab | Chitosan nanoparticles | Unspecified | Sustained release effects in vivo; inhibition of VEGF expression in vivo. | 88.9 | The preparation of nanoparticle should be optimized to achieve the goal of reducing intravitreal injection and the occurrence of complications in clinical practices. |