Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with BD and HCs
| Characteristics | BD I (N=30) | BD II (N=44) | HC (N=100) | p-value (F, t, χ2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 38.03±11.46 | 32.41±9.80 | 35.09±11.58 | 0.103 (F=2.302) |
| Sex (male/female) | 9/21 | 15/29 | 37/63 | 0.771 (χ2=0.521) |
| Education level | 0.364 (χ2=4.324) | |||
| Elementary and middle school | 1 | 1 | 5 | |
| High school or college/university | 26 | 42 | 83 | |
| Above graduate school | 3 | 1 | 12 | |
| Total intracranial volume | 1410±101 | 1416±129 | 1465±151 | 0.057 (F=2.909) |
| HDRS | 4.77±4.07 | 8.36±5.48 | 1.78±1.92 | 6.88×10-19 (F=53.940) |
| YMRS | 1.97±2.46 | 0.75±1.24 | NA | 0.017 (t=2.504) |
| K-MDQ | 8.13±4.22 | 9.32±2.87 | NA | 0.186 (t=-1.342) |
| HAS | 5.87±4.06 | 7.80±6.36 | NA | 0.146 (t=-1.468) |
| BIS | 50.73±8.63 | 55.20±10.88 | NA | 0.064 (t=-1.883) |
| Family history of mood disorder (N) | 10 | 18 | NA | 0.509 (χ2=0.435) |
| Euthymic (or remission) state/depressive state | 23/7 | 23/21 | NA | 0.034 (χ2=4.513) |
| Duration of illness (months) | 97.83±95.10 | 50.09±72.60 | NA | 0.024 (t=2.326) |
| Drug-treated patients (N) | 30 | 43 | NA | 0.406 (χ2=0.691) |
| Medication (N) | ||||
| SSRI | 3 | 10 | ||
| SNRI | 1 | 3 | ||
| NDRI | 2 | 8 | ||
| NaSSA | 0 | 2 | ||
| Combination of AD | 0 | 2 | ||
| Lithium | 8 | 4 | ||
| AED | 18 | 37 | ||
| Lithium+AED | 4 | 0 | ||
| AED+AED | 1 | 0 | ||
| AP | 28 | 27 | ||
| Combination of AP | 14 | 4 |
The p value for comparison in age, TICV, and HDRS scores were obtained using the ANOVA test. The p value for sex and educational level distribution was obtained by chi-squared test. The p value for comparison in YMRS, K-MDQ, BIS, HAS scores were obtained using student’s t-test. BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy control; BD I, bipolar I disorder; BD II, bipolar II disorder; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; K-MDQ, Korean version of Mood Disorder Questionnaire; HAS, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; NDRI, norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor; NaSSA, noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant; Combination of Ads, combination of two or more antidepressants; AED, anti-epileptic drugs; AP, antipsychotics; AD, antidepressants