Table 4. Cox-Regression Analyses Showing Longitudinal Associations between AT Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and the 16-Year Cancer Incidence in the GraMo Cohort (n = 247)a.
| total
cancer incidenceb |
NHD cancersc |
HD cancersd |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| biomarker | HR (95% CI) | p-value | n/N | HR (95% CI) | p-value | n/N | HR (95% CI) | p-value | n/N |
| SOD | 1.38 (0.98, 1.93) | 0.063 | 23/224 | 1.76 (1.17, 2.64) | 0.007 | 17/224 | 0.62 (0.27, 1.39) | 0.243 | 6/224 |
| HO-1 | 1.36 (0.79, 2.35) | 0.267 | 23/224 | 1.24 (0.67, 2.29) | 0.489 | 17/224 | 2.38 (0.67, 8.49) | 0.181 | 6/224 |
| GPx | 1.05 (0.64, 1.72) | 0.847 | 23/224 | 1.11 (0.56, 2.22) | 0.761 | 17/224 | 0.94 (0.43, 2.09) | 0.887 | 6/224 |
| GRd | 1.43 (0.96, 2.12) | 0.082 | 23/224 | 2.35 (1.41, 3.94) | 0.001 | 17/224 | 0.70 (0.39, 1.26) | 0.230 | 6/224 |
| total glutathione | 0.93 (0.82, 1.04) | 0.213 | 23/224 | 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) | 0.161 | 17/224 | 0.99 (0.77, 1.27) | 0.925 | 6/224 |
| GSSG | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) | 0.355 | 23/224 | 0.90 (0.78, 1.04) | 0.171 | 17/224 | 1.03 (0.83, 1.26) | 0.803 | 6/224 |
| GSH | 0.92 (0.83,1.03) | 0.163 | 23/224 | 0.91 (0.80, 1.04) | 0.160 | 17/224 | 0.96 (0.75, 1.21) | 0.708 | 6/224 |
| GSSG/GSH | 1.00 (0.90, 1.13) | 0.878 | 23/224 | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.818 | 17/224 | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 0.611 | 6/224 |
| TBARS | 1.16 (0.74, 1.82) | 0.519 | 23/224 | 1.40 (0.80, 2.44) | 0.240 | 17/224 | 0.77 (0.32, 1.85) | 0.556 | 6/224 |
| 8OHdGe | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.547 | 23/186 | 1.00 (0.79, 1.25) | 0.977 | 17/186 | 0.83 (0.57, 1.19) | 0.311 | 6/186 |
Data are presented as hazard ratio and 95% confidence intervals [HR (95% CIs)]. Models were adjusted for age (years), sex (male/female), BMI (kg/m2), smoking (yes/no), alcohol consumption (yes/no), place of residence (urban vs semi-rural), and education (lower than primary education, primary education, or higher than primary). Oxidative biomarkers: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); superoxide dismutase (SOD); heme oxygenase (HO-1); glutathione peroxidase (GPx); glutathione reductase (GRd); oxidized glutathione (GSSG); reduced glutathione (GSH).
All incident cases of cancer (n = 23), excluding benign tumors and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Rest of the study population (n = 224).
Non-hormone-dependent (NHD) cancers (n = 17), excluding hormone-dependent cancers (n = 6) from the analysis. Rest of the study population (n = 224).
Hormone-dependent cancers (n = 6), excluding non-hormone-dependent cancers (n = 17) from the analysis. Rest of the study population (n = 224).
8OHdG measures were only available for 209 participants.