Table 1.
Markers of BBB pathology in patients compared to healthy controls.
| Schizophrenia spectrum disorders vs. healthy controls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marker | Studies | Cases | Controls | SMD | 95% CI | p-value | I2 |
| Serum/plasma S100B | 24 | 1107 | 873 | 0.82 | 0.51 to 1.13 | <0.001 | 90% |
| Albumin ratio | 2 | 69 | 72 | 0.71 | 0.37 to 1.05 | <0.001 | 0% |
| CSF albumin | 3 | 101 | 103 | 0.30 | −0.10 to 0.70 | 0.14 | 44% |
| CSF fibrinogen | 1 | 46 | 35 | −0.15 | −0.59 to 0.29 | 0.51 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-38 | 1 | 11 | 20 | −1.22 | −2.03 to −0.42 | 0.003 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-40 | 1 | 11 | 20 | −1.47 | −2.31 to −0.64 | <0.001 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-42 | 1 | 11 | 20 | −1.57 | −2.42 to −0.73 | <0.001 | NA |
| CSF IgG | 3 | 101 | 103 | 0.14 | −0.56 to 0.84 | 0.70 | 81% |
| CSF sICAM1 | 2 | 56 | 47 | −0.19 | −0.81 to 0.44 | 0.56 | 48% |
| CSF sVCAM1 | 2 | 61 | 50 | −0.17 | −1.13 to 0.79 | 0.73 | 80% |
| CSF TIMP1 | 1 | 46 | 35 | 0.36 | −0.09 to 0.80 | 0.12 | NA |
| CSF MMP3 | 1 | 46 | 35 | 0.16 | −0.28 to 0.60 | 0.47 | NA |
| Serum/plasma sICAM1 | 12 | 833 | 941 | 0.20 | −0.07 to 0.47 | 0.15 | 83% |
| Serum/plasma sVCAM1 | 5 | 529 | 542 | −0.44 | −1.15 to 0.27 | 0.23 | 97% |
| Serum/plasma TIMP1 | 2 | 300 | 313 | 0.54 | −0.25 to 1.33 | 0.18 | 94% |
| Serum/plasma MMP2 | 2 | 300 | 313 | −0.67 | −0.49 to −0.09 | 0.02 | 31% |
| Serum/plasma MMP3 | 2 | 300 | 313 | −0.01 | −0.17 to 0.15 | 0.91 | 0% |
| Serum/plasma MMP9 | 7 | 533 | 509 | 0.71 | 0.34 to 1.08 | <0.001 | 85% |
| Serum/plasma sP-selectin | 3 | 98 | 92 | 4.45 | 1.17 to 7.73 | 0.008 | 98% |
| Serum/plasma sE-selectin | 3 | 112 | 105 | 0.79 | −0.32 to 1.90 | 0.16 | 93% |
| Serum/plasma sL-selectin | 2 | 62 | 55 | −134.33 | −401.9 to 133.3 | 0.33 | 99% |
|
| |||||||
| Major depression vs. healthy controls | |||||||
|
Marker |
Studies |
Cases |
Controls |
SMD |
95% CI |
p-value |
I2 |
| Serum/plasma S100B | 13 | 584 | 571 | 0.57 | 0.31 to 0.83 | <0.001 | 73% |
| Albumin ratio | 4 | 82 | 124 | 0.13 | −0.29 to 0.55 | 0.55 | 43% |
| CSF albumin | 2 | 36 | 42 | 0.02 | −0.51 to 0.55 | 0.94 | 0% |
| CSF fibrinogen | 2 | 66 | 60 | 0.56 | 0.20 to 0.91 | 0.002 | 0% |
| CSF Aβ1-38 | 1 | 28 | 38 | −0.86 | −1.37 to −0.35 | 0.001 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-40 | 3 | 71 | 81 | −0.80 | −1.14 to −0.46 | <0.001 | 0% |
| CSF Aβ1-42 | 9 | 205 | 297 | 0.13 | −0.32 to 0.59 | 0.57 | 81% |
| CSF IgG | 2 | 36 | 42 | −0.22 | −0.75 to 0.31 | 0.41 | 0% |
| CSF MMP9 | 1 | 22 | 13 | −0.20 | −0.89 to 0.49 | 0.57 | NA |
| Serum/plasma sICAM1 | 5 | 338 | 345 | 0.73 | 0.14 to 1.31 | 0.014 | 86.1% |
| Serum/plasma sVCAM1 | 5 | 336 | 340 | 0.28 | −0.03 to 0.59 | 0.08 | 52% |
| Plasma TIMP1 | 1 | 245 | 254 | 0.08 | −0.09 to 0.26 | 0.36 | NA |
| Serum/plasma MMP2 | 2 | 261 | 294 | −0.56 | −1.35 to 0.23 | 0.16 | 84% |
| Plasma MMP3 | 1 | 245 | 254 | −0.01 | −0.18 to 0.17 | 0.95 | NA |
| Serum/plasma MMP9 | 3 | 330 | 372 | 0.19 | −0.12 to 0.50 | 0.24 | 64% |
| Serum sP-selectin | 2 | 166 | 166 | 0.20 | −0.22 to 0.62 | 0.36 | 52% |
| Serum sE-selectin | 2 | 32 | 51 | 0.54 | 0.08 to 1.00 | 0.02 | 0% |
| Serum sL-selectin | 1 | 17 | 36 | −0.01 | −0.59 to 0.56 | 0.97 | NA |
|
| |||||||
| Bipolar disorder vs. healthy controls | |||||||
|
Marker |
Studies |
Cases |
Controls |
SMD |
95% CI |
p-value |
I2 |
| Serum/plasma S100B | 4 | 142 | 101 | 0.55 | 0.16 to 0.94 | 0.006 | 48% |
| Albumin ratio | 1 | 134 | 85 | 0.42 | 0.15 to 0.70 | 0.003 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-38 | 1 | 139 | 71 | −0.11 | −0.39 to 0.18 | 0.47 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-40 | 1 | 139 | 71 | −0.18 | −0.46 to 0.11 | 0.23 | NA |
| CSF Aβ1-42 | 2 | 155 | 96 | −0.17 | −0.70 to 0.37 | 0.54 | 60% |
| CSF TIMP1 | 1 | 125 | 87 | 0.18 | −0.10 to 0.45 | 0.21 | NA |
| CSF TIMP2 | 1 | 125 | 87 | 0.23 | −0.04 to 0.51 | 0.10 | NA |
| Serum/plasma sICAM1 | 3 | 157 | 144 | 0.41 | 0.18 to 0.64 | <0.001 | 0% |
| Serum/plasma sVCAM1 | 3 | 157 | 144 | 0.37 | −2.08 to 2.82 | 0.77 | 99% |
| Serum MMP1 | 1 | 24 | 21 | 0.39 | −0.20 to 0.98 | 0.20 | NA |
| Serum MMP2 | 1 | 12 | 40 | −0.82 | −1.49 to −0.16 | 0.02 | NA |
| Serum MMP3 | 1 | 24 | 21 | −0.16 | −0.74 to 0.43 | 0.60 | NA |
| Serum MMP7 | 2 | 119 | 162 | 0.80 | 0.55 to 1.05 | <0.001 | 0% |
| Serum MMP9 | 3 | 328 | 224 | 0.11 | −0.06 to 0.29 | 0.20 | 0% |
| Serum MMP10 | 1 | 24 | 21 | 0.16 | −0.42 to 0.75 | 0.59 | NA |
| Serum TIMP1 | 2 | 245 | 133 | 0.16 | −0.09 to 0.42 | 0.21 | 12% |
| Serum TIMP2 | 1 | 221 | 112 | 0.05 | −0.18 to 0.27 | 0.70 | NA |
| Serum E-selectin | 2 | 74 | 71 | −0.18 | −0.51 to 0.16 | 0.31 | 4% |
| Serum P-selectin | 1 | 130 | 130 | 0.33 | 0.09 to 0.58 | 0.008 | NA |
Table information:For space-saving purposes, results on CSF Aβ isoforms other than Aβ1-38, -40 and -42 are illustrated inFigure S2exclusively. Abbreviations: Aβ = amyloid beta; CI = confidence interval; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; IgG = immunoglobulin G; NA = not available; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; sICAM1 = soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1; SMD = standardized mean difference; sVCAM1 = soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; TIMP = tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases.