Fig. 3.

CCI-IoN induces increased expression of glial cells; In A compare the expression of Iba1 and GFAP in the injury ipsilateral side among the five groups, Scale bar, 50 ​μm. Effect of VBC and PBM on the expression of Iba1 and GFAP in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of chronic constrictive injury of infraorbital nerve rats. In B and C a substantial decrease in Iba1 and GFAP expression was identified in the spinal trigeminal nucleus after VBC and PBM treatments relative to the expression in the CCI-IoN rats (Iba1 ***p ˂ 0.05 and ****p ˂ 0.001; GFAP ***p ˂ 0.001 comparing with the CCI IoN group; #p ˂ 0.05 comparing to the control groups). Data were normalized from naive rats’ GFAP and Iba1 expression. Data are presented as the mean ​± ​SEM of 5 animals per group.