Table 4.
Indirect standardised mean differences (95% confidence intervals) below diagonal and p-values above diagonal based on network meta-analysis.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise interventions | Aerobic exercise | – | 0.033 | 0.826 | 0.513 | 0.939 | 0.307 | 0.224 | 0.143 | 0.495 | 0.740 | 0.573 | 0.196 | 0.523 | 0.327 | 0.002 |
| Balance exercise | 0.46 (0.14, 0.78) |
– | 0.138 | 0.128 | 0.028 | 0.129 | 0.006 | 0.252 | 0.025 | 0.041 | 0.048 | 0.005 | 0.015 | 0.017 | 0.000 | |
| Resistive exercise | 0.05 (−0.31, 0.40) |
−0.42 (−0.85, 0.01) |
– | 0.481 | 0.856 | 0.670 | 0.308 | 0.429 | 0.490 | 0.667 | 0.539 | 0.278 | 0.535 | 0.353 | 0.050 | |
| Flexibility exercise | −0.28 (−1.00, 0.43) |
−0.75 (−1.50, 0.004) |
−0.33 (−1.09, 0.43) |
– | 0.499 | 0.345 | 0.821 | 0.262 | 0.722 | 0.608 | 0.732 | 0.861 | 0.646 | 0.855 | 0.819 | |
| Combined exercise | 0.01 (−0.20, 0.21) |
−0.45 (−0.76, −0.15) |
−0.04 (−0.38, 0.31) |
0.29 (−0.42, 1.00) |
– | 0.304 | 0.185 | 0.140 | 0.455 | 0.695 | 0.541 | 0.163 | 0.463 | 0.298 | 0.000 | |
| General exercise | 0.14 (−0.08, 0.35) |
−0.32 (−0.65, 0.003) |
0.09 (−0.27, 0.45) |
0.42 (−0.29, 1.14) |
0.13 (−0.07, 0.33) |
– | 0.046 | 0.548 | 0.181 | 0.295 | 0.267 | 0.040 | 0.123 | 0.117 | 0.000 | |
| Behavioural interventions | Energy conservation | −0.19 (−0.43, 0.05) |
−0.65 (−0.99, −0.31) |
−0.24 (−0.60, 0.13) |
0.09 (−0.62, 0.81) |
−0.20 (−0.43, 0.03) |
−0.33 (−0.57, −0.08) |
– | 0.009 | 0.738 | 0.451 | 0.779 | 0.861 | 0.459 | 0.939 | 0.106 |
| Cognitive behavioural therapy | 0.22 (−0.01, 0.45) |
−0.24 (−0.57, 0.09) |
0.18 (−0.18, 0.54) |
0.51 (−0.20, 1.22) |
0.21 (−0.01, 0.43) |
0.08 (−0.15, 0.32) |
0.41 (0.19, 0.64) |
– | 0.080 | 0.113 | 0.099 | 0.004 | 0.031 | 0.052 | 0.000 | |
| Neurocognitive rehabilitation | −0.13 (−0.44, 0.18) |
−0.59 (−0.98, −0.20) |
−0.17 (−0.59, 0.24) |
0.16 (−0.58, 0.89) |
−0.14 (−0.44, 0.16) |
−0.27 (−0.57, 0.04) |
0.06 (−0.25, 0.37) |
−0.35 (−0.65, −0.05) |
– | 0.735 | 0.999 | 0.664 | 0.824 | 0.719 | 0.138 | |
| Relaxation & biofeedback | −0.06 (−0.35, 0.24) |
−0.52 (−0.90, −0.14) |
−0.10 (−0.51, 0.30) |
0.23 (−0.51, 0.96) |
−0.07 (−0.35, 0.22) |
−0.20 (−0.49, 0.10) |
0.13 (−0.15, 0.42) |
−0.28 (−0.55, −0.01) |
0.07 (−0.28, 0.42) |
– | 0.768 | 0.388 | 0.847 | 0.521 | 0.049 | |
| Emotional expression therapy | −0.13 (−0.51, 0.25) |
−0.59 (−1.03, −0.15) |
−0.17 (−0.64, 0.29) |
0.16 (−0.61, 0.93) |
−0.14 (−0.51, 0.23) |
−0.27 (−0.64, 0.11) |
0.06 (−0.31, 0.44) |
−0.35 (−0.67, −0.03) |
0.0003 (−0.42, 0.42) |
−0.07 (−0.48, 0.33) |
– | 0.707 | 0.855 | 0.769 | 0.246 | |
| Education or information | −0.21 (−0.47, 0.04) |
−0.67 (−1.02, −0.33) |
−0.26 (−0.63, 0.12) |
0.07 (−0.65, 0.79) |
−0.22 (−0.46, 0.02) |
−0.35 (−0.60, −0.10) |
−0.02 (−0.23, 0.19) |
−0.43 (−0.65, −0.22) |
−0.08 (−0.40, 0.24) |
−0.15 (−0.44, 0.13) |
−0.08 (−0.46, 0.29) |
– | 0.326 | 0.973 | 0.178 | |
| Combined interventions | Behavioural plus exercise | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.14) |
−0.55 (−0.88, −0.22) |
−0.14 (−0.49, 0.22) |
0.20 (−0.52, 0.91) |
−0.10 (−0.32, 0.12) |
−0.23 (−0.45, −0.002) |
0.10 (−0.12, 0.32) |
−0.31 (−0.52, −0.10) |
0.04 (−0.26, 0.34) |
−0.03 (−0.31, 0.25) |
0.04 (−0.33, 0.41) |
0.12 (−0.08, 0.32) |
– | 0.560 | 0.008 |
| Physical rehabilitation | −0.21 (−0.54, 0.13) |
−0.67 (−1.07, −0.26) |
−0.25 (−0.68, 0.18) |
0.08 (−0.67, 0.83) |
−0.21 (−0.54, 0.11) |
−0.34 (−0.68, −0.01) |
−0.01 (−0.35, 0.32) |
−0.43 (−0.75, −0.10) |
−0.08 (−0.43, 0.28) |
−0.15 (−0.52, 0.23) |
−0.08 (−0.52, 0.37) |
0.01 (−0.34, 0.35) |
−0.12 (−0.44, 0.21) |
− | 0.338 | |
| Treatment as usual | −0.38 (−0.55, −0.21) |
−0.84 (−1.13, −0.55) |
−0.42 (−0.75, −0.10) |
−0.09 (−0.79, 0.60) |
−0.39 (−0.54, −0.23) |
−0.51 (−0.68, −0.35) |
−0.19 (−0.36, 0.01) |
−0.60 (−0.76, −0.44) |
−0.25 (−0.51, 0.01) |
−0.32 (−0.56, −0.08) |
−0.25 (−0.59, 0.09) |
−0.17 (−0.36, 0.02) |
−0.29 (−0.45, −0.13) |
−0.17 (−0.46, 0.11) |
– |
Comparisons are for column versus row (i.e. negative values favour column and positive values favour row).
Significant (p < 0.05) differences denoted in bold. Please note that order of interventions is not ranked in this table.