Table 1.
Epidemiological studies on meningitis.
| Author name | Study period/duration | Study place | Study region | Study participants | Age group | Overall prevalence | Bacterial/ fungal/viral | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pediatric population | ||||||||
| 1 | Goel et al.18 | 2010–2011 | Delhi | North | 591 neonates | 0–28 days | Hospital-associated meningitis: 5.41% | Bacterial |
| 2 | Gupta et al.19 | NS | New Delhi | North | 62 children with TB | Median age: 7.73 years (0–12 years) | Tubercular meningitis: 20.97% (13 of the 62 cases) | Bacterial |
| 3 | Kapil and Bagga20 | 1986–1992 | Delhi | North | 3025 children admitted in ICU | Median age: 32.4 months (1 day–14 years) | 8.6% (261 children) | Bacterial |
| 4 | Karmakar et al.21 | 2004–2005 | Delhi | North | 151 patients with acute febrile encephalopathy syndrome | 3.21 ± 2.9 years | • Pyogenic meningitis: 33.8% (51
patients) • Tubercular meningitis: 7.9% (12 patients) |
Bacterial |
| 5 | Kumar et al.22 | NS/1 year | Delhi | North | 300 new-borns with sign and symptoms of sepsis | Newborns (age NR) | Prevalence of healthcare-associated meningitis: 10% (30 patients) | Bacterial |
| 6 | Saluja23 | NS/18 months | Delhi | North | 200 cases of febrile seizure | 6–18 months | 3% | Bacterial |
| 7 | Jhamb et al.24 | 2005–2006 | Delhi | North | 100 hospitalized children with group A meningococcal infection | Not mentioned | 67% | Bacterial |
| 8 | Minz et al.25 | 1997–1999 | Vellore | South | 97 suspected meningitis cases | <5 years | 18.56% | Bacterial |
| 9 | Das et al.26 | 1994–1995 | Pondicherry | South | 65 neonates with septicaemia | Neonates (age NR) | 38% (17 neonates) | Bacterial |
| 10 | Jayaraman et al.13 | 2012–2013 | Chennai | South | 3104 suspected meningitis | 1–59 months | 8.28% (257 cases) | Bacterial |
| 11 | Shah et al.27 | January–December 2006 | Bangalore | South | 2219 children with pneumococcal disease | 0–5 years | 21.81% (484 cases) | Bacterial |
| 12 | Debnath et al.28 | NS/1-year | Pune | West | 79 suspected cases of meningitis | Median age: 2.7 years (0–12 years) | 20.25% (16 cases) | Bacterial |
| 13 | Jain et al.29 | 2010–2012 | Pune | West | 223 children with suspected TB | 31 months | TB meningitis: 4.04% (9 cases) | Bacterial |
| 14 | Hazarika et al.30 | 2008–2009 | Shillong | North-East | children with IPD | 8.48 ± 5.09 year | Meningococcal meningitis: 61.8% | Bacterial |
| 15 | Kabra et al.31 | 1990/1 year | New Delhi Calcutta Rajasthan |
Multiple states | 56,338 admissions (Calcutta: 3400; Jaipur: 11134; Delhi KSCH:20307; Delhi AIIMS: 3348; Calcutta: 2904; Jodhpur 5245) | 1–12 years | 1.5% (852 cases; range: 0.5% to 2.6%) For prevalence of 0.8% in Calcutta (28 cases out of 3400 admissions) For prevalence of 2.6% in Jaipur (287 cases out of 11134 admissions) For prevalence of 1.9% in Delhi KSCH (394 cases out of 20301) For prevalence of 1.4% in Delhi AIIMS (48 cases out of 3348 admissions) For prevalence of 0.5% in Calcutta (15 cases out of 2904 admissions) For prevalence of 1.1% in Jodhpur (80 cases out of 5245 admissions) |
Bacterial |
| 16 | Chauhan et al.32 | NS/1 year | Shimla, Himachal Pradesh | Multiple states | 250 CSF samples | 1–59 months | 32.4% (81 cases) | Bacterial |
| 17 | Ramchandran et al.33 | 2008–2010 | Chennai New Delhi Vellore Lucknow |
Multiple states | 708 cases with abnormal CSF finding | 1–23 months | 12.57% (89 cases) | Bacterial |
| 18 | Manoharan et al.34 | 2011–2015 | New
Delhi Chennai Pune Kerala Bengaluru, Karnataka Mumbai, Maharashtra Hyderabad, Telangana |
Multiple states | 4377 enrolled patients, 361 children with pneumococcal
disease Among 361 patients with culture proven pneumococcal disease, all clinical data were known for 226 patients |
<5 years | Pneumococcal meningitis: 35% (78 cases) | Bacterial |
| All-age patient group | ||||||||
| 19 | Mishra et al.35 | 2011–2012 | Lucknow | North | 235 critically ill neurological patients 76 patients with CNS infection |
Median age: 37.5 (4–75 years) | • TB meningitis: 47% • Pyogenic meningitis: 11% • Fungal meningitis: 5% |
Bacterial and fungal |
| 20 | Bhagawati et al.36 | 2009–2010 | Assam | North-East | 316 CSF samples | 0–70 years | 16.14% | Bacterial and fungal |
| 21 | Yerramilli et al.37 | 2012–2014 | Hyderabad | South | 147 cases of meningitis | • Viral/aseptic meningitis: 39% • Tuberculous meningitis: 28% • Pyogenic meningitis: 28% • Fungal meningitis: 3% (4 cases) |
Bacterial, viral, and fungal | |
| 22 | Nair et al.38 | 2005–2006 | New Delhi | North | 380 suspected cases of meningococcal disease | <5–>45 years | 8.68% (33 cases) | Bacterial |
| 23 | Verghese et al.39 | 2008–2016 | Vellore, Tamil Nadu | South | 830 invasive pneumococcal isolates | All age groups | 20.1% (167 cases) | Bacterial |
| 24 | Srinivas et al.40 | 2001–2007 | Bangalore | South | 18,092 patients who underwent neurosurgery 415 patients with infection following a neurosurgery |
NR | Post-operative meningitis: 2.2% | |
| 25 | Gangane and Doddamani41 | 2010–2012 | Karnataka | South | 304 CSF samples with suspected meningitis 104 cases of confirmed meningitis |
0–>60 years | Bacterial meningitis: 78.85% Fungal meningitis: 9.62% Acid-fast bacilli meningitis: 10.58% |
Bacterial and fungal |
| Adult population | ||||||||
| 26 | Thomas et al.42 | 1993–2008 | Vellore | South | 1037 patients with suspected invasive bacterial infection | >18 years | Meningitis: 34.3% | Bacterial |
| 27 | Jayaraman et al.43 | 2007–2017 | Vellore | South | 408 adults with IPD | >18 years | Meningitis: 24.3% | Bacterial |
| Patients with comorbidities | ||||||||
| 28 | Kadam et al.44 | 2011–2012 | Pune, Maharashtra | West | 208 HIV patients | 40 years | Cryptococcal meningitis: 19% | Fungal |
| 29 | Satpute et al.45 | 1996–2005 | Pune | West | 1922 samples clinically diagnosed with cryptococcosis and 475 of them were HIV positive | NR | Cryptococcal meningitis in HIV patients: 53.1% (252/475) | Fungal |
| 30 | Jaiswal et al.46 | 1992–2001 | Indore | West | 483 AIDs cases | NR | Fungal meningitis: 3.1% (15 cases) • Cryptococcal meningitis: 2.48% (12 cases) • Candida meningitis: 0.62% (3 cases) |
Fungal |
| 31 | Wadia et al.47 | NS | Pune | West | 1527 HIV-positive subjects 457 HIV-positive subjects with neurological complications |
Prevalence of meningitis: 17.88% • Cryptococcal meningitis: 67.44% • Tubercular meningitis: 18.60% |
Fungal and bacterial | |
| 32 | Wadhwa et al.48 | 2005–2006 | New Delhi | North | 17 HIV-positive patients with CNS involvement | NR | • Cryptococcal meningitis: 29.4% • Tubercular meningitis: 52.9% |
Fungal and bacterial |
| 33 | Mathur and Devesh49 | 2006–2011 | Jaipur, Rajasthan | North | Total study patients: 40 20 HIV patients with neurological complications |
25–45 years | • Cryptococcal meningitis: 20% • Tubercular meningitis: 20% • Pyogenic meningitis: 5% • Candida meningitis: 5% |
Fungal and Bacterial |
| 34 | Lakshmi et al.50 | 1997–2005 | Hyderabad | South | 359 CSF samples of HIV-reactive cases suspected for cryptococcal meningitis | NR | Cryptococcal meningitis: 2.09% | Fungal |
| 35 | Kumaraswamy et al.51 | 1996–2001 | Chennai | South | 594 patients with HIV | Median age: 32 years (18–72 years) | Cryptococcal meningitis: 4.7% | Fungal |
| 36 | Teja et al.52 | NS/11 years | Hyderabad | South | 1606 hospitalized patients with HIV and neurological manifestation | 36 years | Meningitis: 39.4% • Tubercular: 25.06% • Cryptococcal: 10.95% • Pyogenic: 1.95% |
Bacterial and fungal |
| 37 | Indira et al.53 | 2011–2012 | Chennai, Tamil Nadu Mangalore, Karnataka |
South | 37 PLHIV-DM 37 PLHIV |
47 years | Cryptococcal meningitis: • PLHIV-DM: 19% • PLHIV: 16% |
Fungal |
| 38 | Sakhuja et al.54 | 1980–1999 | Chandigarh | North | 79 patients with CNS infection following renal transplantation | 33.16 ± 3.4 years | • Cryptococcal meningitis: 15.19% • Bacterial meningitis: 8.86% |
Fungal and bacterial |
CNS, central nervous system; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; DM, diabetes mellitus; IPD, invasive pneumococcal disease; NR, not reported; NS, not specified; PLHIV-DM, people living with HIV and DM; TB, tuberculosis.