Table 1.

Aberrant IL-1β Signaling in Cancer

Cell Type	Effect of Aberrant IL-1β Signaling
Cancer and stem cells	Promotion of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition during oncogenesis
Endothelial cells	Increases leukocyte adhesions, inflammatory mediator, and prostaglandin production
Tumor and stromal cells	Increases production of basement membrane-degrading proteinases involved in cancer invasion and metastasis Induces immune suppression, apoptosis resistance, and angiogenesis by means of induction of COX2–PGE2 pathway in tumor cells
Hepatocytes	Increases acute phase C-reactive protein
Leukocytes	Increases production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and lipids

COX2, cyclooxygenase 2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2.