. 2021 Feb 28;13:100235. doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100235

Table 1.

Evidence of oxidative stress and antioxidant response in PLWH with or without neurocognitive impairment.

Reference	Tissue	Analysis methods	Virally suppressed?	Oxidative stress markers	Classification of PLWH
(Zhang et al., 2012)	Ex vivo frontal cortex tissue	In situ immunofluorescence	No	↑8-oxoG	“HAND” or “non-HAND”
(Zhang et al., 2012)	Ex vivo frontal cortex tissue	In situ immunofluorescence	No	↑8-oxoG	HIV- control
(Ginsberg et al., 2018)	Ex vivo microglia and macrophage	Single population microarray analysis	On and off ART at time of death	↓SOD1	“HIVE” or “HIV+NoE”
(Ginsberg et al., 2018)	Ex vivo microglia and macrophage	Single population microarray analysis	On and off ART at time of death	↓SOD2	HIV- control
(Kallianpur et al., 2016)	PBMCs and brain tissue	MRI, PCR	ART treated	↑mtDNA 8-oxoG α ↓hippocampus volume	Domain specific Z scores
(Sitole et al., 2019)	Serum	Untargeted metabonomic analysis	< one year on ART	↑aspartic acid	HIV+
				↑phenylalanine
				↑glutamic acid	HIV- control
(Castagna et al., 1995)	CSF	Immunostaining	Unknown	↓GSH	HIV+ with/without neurological impairment
(Velázquez et al., 2009)	CSF	ELISA	>70% participants on ART	↓SOD2 activity in neurologically impaired	“HAND” or “non-HAND”
(Velázquez et al., 2009)	CSF	ELISA	>70% participants on ART	↓SOD2 activity in neurologically impaired	HIV- control
(Bandaru et al., 2007)	CSF	Electrospray ionization tandem mass-spectrometry	No	↑4-HNE	MSK scores – HIV dementia
(Bandaru et al., 2007)	CSF	Electrospray ionization tandem mass-spectrometry	No	↑Vit E	HIV- control
(Sacktor et al., 2004)	Ex vivo brain tissue	Immunohistochemistry	Unknown	↑4-HNE	MSK scores – HIV dementia
				↑Vit E
				↑Sphingomyelins
				↑Ceramides	HIV- control
(Guha et al., 2019a)	CSF	Electron microscopy	ART treated	↑Extracellular vesicles	“HAND” or “non-HAND”
		Immunoblotting		↑NFL
		Untargeted mass spectrometry			HIV- control
(Guha et al., 2019b)	CSF U87 astrocytes	Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from CSF and U87 astrocytes	ART treated	↑GPx1	“HAND (ANI, MND, HAD)” or “non-HAND”
				↑SOD1
				↑SOD2
				↑SOD3
				↑GSR	HIV- control
(Turchan et al., 2003)	Ex vivo brain tissue CSF	Immunostaining	Unknown	↑Protein carbonyls	HIVE
(Turchan et al., 2003)	Ex vivo brain tissue CSF	Immunostaining	Unknown	↑Protein carbonyls	HIV- control

ART: antiretroviral therapy; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; Gpx1: glutathione peroxidase 1; GSH: glutathione; GSR: glutathione reductase; HAND: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders; HNE: 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; MSK: Memorial Sloan Kettering scale; NFL: neurofilament light chain; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; SOD: superoxide dismutase.