Nutrients |
Coenzyme Q10 |
Counteracts MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, blocking the electron transfer between complex 1 and other complexes |
Resveratrol |
Limits mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in nigrostriatal cells, acting via protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway |
Lycopene |
Reduces oxidative stress, increasing NADH dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activity in the striatum, GSH, and reduces malondialdehyde levels |
Fish oil
|
Enriched in ω-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, that confer neuroprotective effects via multiple mechanisms
|
Herbals and phytochemicals |
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) |
Protects by toxic dopamine metabolites through its properties of radical scavenger and chelator of iron ions |
Ginsenosides |
Block dopaminergic neuronal death, reducing glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic transmission in the nigrostriatal nucleus |
Vincamine |
Own multiple mechanisms of action, including vasodilating effect, antioxidant and chelating activity |
Vinpocetine
|
Synthetic derivatives |
MitoQ |
Overcomes CoQ10’s restrictions, such as limited distribution to mitochondria linked to its hydrophobicity |
Mito-apocynin |
Limits not only the oxidative damage but also glial-mediated inflammation |