Table 2.

Types of the nutraceuticals targeting oxidative and mitochondrial damage in PD. Food components and nutraceuticals limit PD progression by improving mitochondrial function and dynamics. Nutraceuticals acting on PD-related oxidative and mitochondrial stress are mainly divided into three types: nutrients, herbals and phytochemicals, and synthetic derivatives.

Type	Nutraceutical	Notes
Nutrients	Coenzyme Q10	Counteracts MPTP-induced neurotoxicity, blocking the electron transfer between complex 1 and other complexes
	Resveratrol	Limits mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in nigrostriatal cells, acting via protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway
	Lycopene	Reduces oxidative stress, increasing NADH dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase activity in the striatum, GSH, and reduces malondialdehyde levels
	Fish oil	Enriched in ω-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, that confer neuroprotective effects via multiple mechanisms
Herbals and phytochemicals	Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Protects by toxic dopamine metabolites through its properties of radical scavenger and chelator of iron ions
	Ginsenosides	Block dopaminergic neuronal death, reducing glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and promoting synaptic transmission in the nigrostriatal nucleus
	Vincamine	Own multiple mechanisms of action, including vasodilating effect, antioxidant and chelating activity
	Vinpocetine
Synthetic derivatives	MitoQ	Overcomes CoQ10’s restrictions, such as limited distribution to mitochondria linked to its hydrophobicity
	Mito-apocynin	Limits not only the oxidative damage but also glial-mediated inflammation