Table 3.
Classes of the nutraceuticals targeting ER stress in PD. Abnormal misfolded proteins are responsible for ER stress and the formation of aggregates. Many nutraceuticals carry out their beneficial effects on PD pattern through the anti-fibrillogenic activity or the enhancement of α-Syn disaggregation.
| Type | Nutraceutical | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Nutrients | Palmitoylethanolamide | Inhibits BiP expression and the activation of PERK-eIF2α pathway |
| Vitamin A | Own anti-fibrillogenic effects | |
| β-Carotene | ||
| Coenzyme Q10 | ||
| Herbals and phytochemicals | Crocin | Decreases CHOP and BiP/Grp78 expressions, and inhibits the activation of pro-apoptotic factor caspase-12 |
| Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) | Owns anti-fibrillogenic effects | |
| Baicalein | Prevents α-Syn fibrillation, induces autophagy, inhibits apoptosis, and reduces inflammation | |
| Rosmarinic acid | Owns anti-fibrillogenic effects | |
| Resveratrol | Enhances α-Syn autophagic degradation | |
| Gallic acid | Termed also as disaggregases, inhibit the aggregation of α-Syn fibrils | |
| Ginsenosides | ||
| Salidroside | Reduces α-Syn aggregation, enhancing the dephosphorylation of Ser129 |