Table 4.

Classification of the nutraceuticals targeting neuroinflammation in PD. Neuroinflammation represents a crucial event for PD progression, demonstrated by high levels of pro-inflammatory mediators and damaging molecules in the striatum of PD patients. Since the well-known anti-inflammatory properties, nutraceuticals may be useful in limiting inflammation-driven neurotoxicity.

Type	Nutraceutical	Notes
Nutrients	ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids	Limit neuroinflammation without impacting neuronal apoptosis
Herbals and phytochemicals	Curcumin	Limits inflammation (NF-κB) and immune system activation (IFN regulatory factor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TLR4)
	Ginsenosides	Limit astrogliosis and microgliosis and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SNpc
	Silymarin	Reduces apoptosis, through inhibition of TLR4 expression
	Asiatic acid	Reduces inflammatory cytokines, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κB expression
	Glaucocalyxin B	Inhibits TLR/NF-κB activation and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway
	Extracts of Mucuna pruriens	Lessen neurotoxicity through the inhibition of NF-κB and pAkt pathway. Increase glial fibrillary acidic protein, iNOS, intercellular adhesion molecule, and TNF-α
	Quercetin