Nutrients
|
ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
|
Limit neuroinflammation without impacting neuronal apoptosis
|
Herbals and phytochemicals |
Curcumin |
Limits inflammation (NF-κB) and immune system activation (IFN regulatory factor 3, myeloid differentiation primary response 88, TLR4) |
Ginsenosides |
Limit astrogliosis and microgliosis and reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SNpc |
Silymarin |
Reduces apoptosis, through inhibition of TLR4 expression |
Asiatic acid |
Reduces inflammatory cytokines, TLR2, TLR4, and NF-κB expression |
Glaucocalyxin B |
Inhibits TLR/NF-κB activation and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway |
Extracts of Mucuna pruriens
|
Lessen neurotoxicity through the inhibition of NF-κB and pAkt pathway. Increase glial fibrillary acidic protein, iNOS, intercellular adhesion molecule, and TNF-α |
Quercetin |