Table 1.

Odds ratios for psychosis adverse drug reactions for individual antibiotics and antibiotic classes, relative to minocycline.

Drug		Adverse Event
Class	Agent	Total	Psychotic Symptoms					Hallucinations
			% ADR	N	Male (n)	OR	95% CI	N	Male (n)	OR	95% CI
Tetracycline	Minocycline	5149	0.4	21	6	1.00	Reference	13	4	1.00	Reference
	Doxycycline	6237	0.9	59	31	2.32	1.41–3.82	32	11	2.03	1.07–3.88
	Tetracycline	996	0.7	7	0	1.72	0.73–4.06	4	0	1.59	0.52–4.89
	All Tetracyclines	7233	0.9	66	31	2.23	1.36–3.66	36	11	1.97	1.04–3.72
Sulfonamides	SMX/TMP	22,697	0.7	168	80	1.81	1.15–2.86	134	62	2.34	1.32–4.14
Nitrofurantoin	Nitrofurantoin	3300	0.9	32	8	2.38	1.37–4.13	25	8	3.00	1.53–5.87
Penicillin	Penicillin	877	0.5	5	1	1.40	0.53–3.72	3	0	1.35	0.39–4.76
	Amoxicillin	10,658	1.2	129	51	2.97	1.87–4.71	86	34	3.20	1.78–5.73
	Amoxicillin/Clavulanate	15,552	0.6	106	46	1.67	1.05–2.67	74	27	1.88	1.04–3.40
	Piperacillin	530	0.5	3	0	1.39	0.41–4.67	1	0	0.75	0.10–5.72
	All Penicillins	27,617	0.8	243	98	2.15	1.38–3.37	164	61	2.35	1.33–4.14
Fluoroquinolone	Levofloxacin	26,957	2.2	619	193	5.63	3.64–8.71	421	126	6.19	3.56–10.75
	Ciprofloxacin	18,042	2.7	503	225	6.84	4.41–10.59	348	159	7.64	4.39–13.30
	All Fluoroquinolones	44,999	2.0	1122	418	6.11	3.96–9.42	769	285	6.76	3.90–11.71
Macrolides	Azithromycin	5272	0.8	46	21	2.14	1.27–3.59	31	15	2.33	1.22–4.46
	Erythromycin	4254	1.0	45	22	2.59	1.54–4.36	37	20	3.44	1.83–6.49
	Clarithromycin	18,356	3.8	710	271	9.48	6.14–14.65	439	169	9.47	5.45–16.46
	All Macrolides	27,882	2.8	801	314	7.04	4.56–10.87	507	204	7.20	4.14–12.49
Glycopeptides	Vancomycin	9787	0.3	32	21	0.80	0.46–1.39	24	16	0.97	0.49–1.91
Nitroimidazoles	Metronidazole	11,168	2.5	283	110	6.21	3.98–9.69	182	74	6.45	3.67–11.34
Lincosamide	Clindamycin	4604	0.4	19	9	1.01	0.54–1.88	16	7	1.38	0.66–2.86
Aminoglycoside	Gentamicin	2432	0.3	8	7	0.81	0.36–1.82	7	6	1.14	0.45–2.86
	Amikacin	1556	0.5	8	6	1.26	0.56–2.85	7	6	1.78	0.71–4.47
	All Aminoglycosides	3988	0.4	16	13	0.98	0.52–1.88	14	12	1.39	0.65–2.96
Carbapenem	Meropenem	3354	0.5	20	11	1.46	0.79–2.70	12	7	1.42	0.65–3.11
Cephalosporins	Cefuroxime	2352	0.5	41	16	2.92	1.72–4.95	29	13	3.34	1.73–6.42
	Ceftriaxone	6059	0.6	42	27	1.70	1.01–2.87	27	18	1.76	0.91–3.42
	Cefepime	1334	1.7	23	9	4.23	2.33–7.66	22	9	6.53	3.28–13.00
	Cephalexin	5799	0.8	47	8	1.99	1.19–3.33	35	4	2.39	1.26–4.52
	All Cephalosporins	16,636	0.9	153	60	2.25	1.42–3.56	113	44	2.69	1.51–4.78