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. 2021 Sep 26;13(9):1349–1359. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i9.1349

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©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.

This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

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The mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells in liver diseases. A: Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells both in vitro and in vivo; B: MSCs modulate effector cells of innate and adaptive immune systems; C: MSCs alleviate liver fibrosis. MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell; UC-MSC: Human umbilical cord-derived MSC; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; EGF: Epidermal growth factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; OSM: Oncostatin M; HLCs: Hepatocyte-like cells; ALB: Albumin; AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; CK18: Cytokeratin 18; CK19: Cytokeratin 19; DC: Dendritic cell; M1: M1 macrophage; M2: M1 macrophage; IL-12: Interleukin 12; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinases; TGF-β1: Transforming growth factor-β1; Th17: T helper cells 17; Treg: Regulatory T cells; HSC: Hepatic stellate cell; IL-10: Interleukin 10; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor α; MFGE8: Milk factor globule EGF 8; ECM: Extracellular matrix.