Figure 3. The relationship between (A) lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL_CO), (B) alveolar‐capillary membrane conductance (Dm), and (C) pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc) and transpulmonary gradient (TPG) at rest (circles), a fixed work rate (20 W, squares), and symptom‐limited maximal exercise (triangles).

Mean and standard error shown for each stage. HFpEF indicates heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.