Table 5.
NIH Quality Assessment Tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies.
| Reference | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| 1. Clear research question or objective? | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 2. Clear study population? | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 3. Participation of eligible subjects over 50% | NR | Y | Y | NR | N | NR | NR | NR | NR | Y | NR | Y | Y | N | NR | NR | Y | Y | NR | Y | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | Y | Y |
| 4. Similar subject recruitment | NR | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 5. Sample size justification, power, or variance and effect estimates provided? | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
| 6. Exposure(s) of interest measured prior to the outcome(s) being measured? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 7. Sufficient time frame to see an association between exposure and outcome if it existed? | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| 8. Examined different levels of the exposure as related to the outcome? | Y | N | Y | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N |
| 9. Exposure measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and consistent across participants? | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 10. Was the exposure(s) assessed more than once over? | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 11. Outcome measures clearly defined, valid, reliable, and consistent across participants? | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y |
| 12. Outcome assessors blinded to the exposure status? | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
| 13. Loss to follow-up after baseline 20% or less? | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 14. Measured and adjusted for potential confounding variables? | N | N | Y | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N | N |
| Rating | L | F | G | F | F | F | F | F | F | G | F | F | G | F | F | F | G | F | G | F | F | L | F | G | L | F | F | F |
Y- Yes, N- No, NA- not applicable, NR- not reported. L- Low. F- Fair, G- Good.