Table 2.
Associations between fruit intake and postload plasma glucose (n = 7675)
| Fruit intake quartiles | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Total fruit | 62 g/d (0-95) | 122 g/d (95-162) | 230 g/d (162-283) | 372 g/d (283-961) |
| PLG, mmol/L | 5.8 (4.9-6.9) | 5.8 (4.9-7.0) | 5.9 (5.0-7.0) | 5.8 (4.9-6.9) |
| No. of participants | 1920 | 1920 | 1918 | 1917 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.00 (0.98-1.01) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.97, 1.00) |
| Apples | 4 g/d (0-10) | 18 g/d (10-30) | 46 g/d (30-69) | 113 g/d (69-706) |
| PLG, mmol/L | 5.9 (5.0-7.2) | 5.8(4.8-6.9) | 5.8 (4.9-7.0) | 5.7 (4.8-6.8) |
| No. participants | 1928 | 1914 | 1915 | 1918 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) | 0.96 (0.95-0.98) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) | 0.96 (0.95-0.98) | 0.96 (0.95-0.98) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) | 0.97 (0.96-0.98) | 0.97 (0.95-0.98) |
| Oranges and other citrus | 2 g/d (0-6) | 12 g/d (6-19) | 33 g/d (20-57) | 96 g/d (57-479) |
| PLG, mmol/L | 5.9 (5.0-7.2) | 5.7 (4.8-6.7) | 5.8 (4.9-7.0) | 5.9 (5.0-7.0) |
| No. participants | 1919 | 1922 | 1919 | 1915 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 0.98 (0.97-1.00) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) | 0.99 (0.97-1.00) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) |
| Bananas | 4 g/d (0-10) | 16 g/d (10-26) | 37 g/d (30-53) | 77 g/d (53-244) |
| PLG, mmol/L | 5.8 (4.9-6.9) | 5.8 (4.8-6.9) | 5.8 (4.9-7.0) | 5.8 (5.0-7.0) |
| No. of participants | 1930 | 1914 | 1914 | 1917 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.01) | 0.98 (0.97v0.99) | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | 0.98 (0.96-0.99) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 0.99 (0.98-1.00) | 0.98 (0.97-1.00) | 0.98 (0.97-1.00) |
| Fruit juice | 2 g/d (0-5) | 16 g/d (6-31) | 72 g/d (32-129) | 200 g/d (130-1135) |
| PLG, mmol/L | 5.8 (4.9-6.9) | 5.8 (4.9-7.0) | 5.9 (5.0-7.0) | 5.8 (4.9-6.9) |
| No. of participants | 1940 | 1950 | 1884 | 1901 |
| Model 1 | Reference | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) | 1.00 (0.98-1.02) |
| Model 2 | Reference | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) |
| Model 3 | Reference | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 1.00 (0.99-1.02) | 1.01 (0.99-1.02) |
Ratios of means and 95% CIs were obtained from the model with the exposure fitted as a continuous variable through a restricted cubic spline and are reported for the median intake in each quartile (Q) relative to the median intake in Q1. Model 1 adjusted for age and sex; model 2 adjusted for age, sex, physical activity levels, level of education, Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas, income, body mass index, smoking status, self-reported prevalence of cardiovascular disease, and parental history of diabetes; model 3 adjusted for all covariates in model 2 plus energy intake, and intake (g/d) of alcohol, vegetables, red meat, and processed meat. Postload plasma glucose (PLG) is presented as median (interquartile range). Fruit and fruit juice intake (g/d) is presented as median (range).