Table 1.

Analyzed outcome measurements

Body composition: lean body mass in kilograms and total body fat mass in percentage as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry

Body mass index (in kg/m2)

Cardiovascular end points: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in milligrams per deciliter, thromboembolisms, and cardiovascular function (defined as structural and functional cardiovascular features)

Bone: BMD in grams per centimeters squared (g/cm2) and BMD SDS, bone strength, and geometry, and markers of bone formation, bone resorption, and bone regulation. For readability, we use the term BMD both for BMD in g/cm2 and BMD SDS in the text. The distinction between the 2 is made in the tables in “Results.”

Cognitive function: all types of validated questionnaires (such as WISC-III, WAIS-III, Stanford-Binet test)

Quality of life: evaluated by different instruments

Adverse events: glucose metabolism (glycemia, HOMA-IR, glycated hemoglobin A1c), peripheral edema, sleep apnea, and mortality.

Abbreviations: BMD, bone mineral density; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; SDS, SD score; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; WISC-III, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III.