Table 5.

Differences in metabolic, neuroendocrine and autonomic responses to leptin replacement in various models of leptin deficiency

	10% weight loss (7)	Lipodystrophy	Congenital Leptin Deficiency (34,42)	Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (23,43)	Acute Starvation (72-h fast) (5,23)	Chronic Starvation (24,25)	Obesity (24,28,29)
Energy Expenditure (TEE)	↑	↓	↔	↔	↔	↔	↔
Skeletal muscle work efficiency	↓	↔	—	—	—	—	—
Thyroid hormone	↑	↑	↑	↑/↔	↑	—	—
Epinephrine	↑	↔	↓	—	↔	—	—
Sympathetic nervous system	↑	↔	↑	—	↔	—	—