Table 4:
Quantitative Study Outcomes
| Type of Variable | Outcomes |
|---|---|
| Primary Predictor |
Significant relationship with self-efficacy: Open communication (Bachner and Carmel, 2009, Bachner et al., 2014) Caregiver depression, anxiety, fatigue, and strain (Campbell et al., 2004, Tate, 2018, Posluszny et al., 2019, Kim et al., 2005, Mystakidou et al., 2013, Lee et al., 2013) Hope (Duggleby et al., 2013, Duggleby et al., 2014b) Quality of life (Duggleby et al., 2014a, Ito and Tadaka, 2017, Kizza and Muliira, 2020, Northouse et al., 2002) Threat appraisals (Ellis et al., 2017) Burden (Hu et al., 2018, Kim et al., 2005, Kizza and Muliira, 2020, Lee et al., 2018) Higher caregiver function (Hudson et al., 2006) Mood disturbance (Porter et al., 2008) Negative appraisal of caregiving (Kershaw et al., 2008, Northouse et al., 2002) Uncertainty (Kershaw et al., 2008) Avoidant coping (Kershaw et al., 2008) Present mental health and subsequent mental and physical health (Kershaw et al., 2015) Social support (Kim et al., 2005) Positive adaptation, financial concerns, and perceived support (Kizza and Muliira, 2020) Benefit (Li et al., 2018) Non-significant relationship with self-efficacy: Quality of life (Duggleby et al., 2015, Duggleby et al., 2017a) Burden (Hu et al., 2018, Johansen et al., 2017) Caregiver activation (Mazanec et al., 2015) |
| Primary Outcome |
Significant change in self-efficacy with intervention: Problem-solving intervention, and baseline SE predictive of post-intervention SE (Bevans et al., 2014) Partner massage training intervention, SE improved at 3 months (Collinge et al., 2007) SE scores higher at 7 days, 2 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months with Living With Hope intervention (Duggleby et al., 2013) Enhanced caregiver training had higher SE than those in education only group, differences not sustained at 2 and 4 weeks (Hendrix et al., 2016) After in-hospital training, SE levels increased immediately and 1 week after hospital discharge (Hendrix et al., 2009) SE increased after individualized caregiver training at 4 weeks post-discharge (Hendrix et al., 2013) SE improved in marital communication and support treatment group at 3, 6, and 9 months (Lewis et al., 2019) SE improved with simulation intervention for technical and communication skills (Mazanec et al., 2019) Non-significant change or no change in self-efficacy with intervention: Brief problem-solving intervention, no change post-intervention (Cameron et al., 2004) No difference after psychoeducational intervention for caregivers by time or group (Hudson et al., 2005) SE improved post- home education intervention (Kizza and Muliira, 2019) No difference in SE by time or group with psychoeducational intervention (Leow et al., 2015) Significant relationship with self-efficacy: Health responsibility and stress management (Dionne-Odom et al., 2017) caregiver, patient, and family distress (Ellis et al., 2017) Caregiver training (Havyer et al., 2017) Communication with health professionals, partially mediated by trust in health professionals (Oh, 2017) Impact of caregiving role on physical well-being, hours of caregiving, having a chronic illness, and receiving organizational support (Kizza and Maritz, 2019) Receipt of in-advance end-of-life discussions (Mori et al., 2013) Non-significant change in or relationship with self-efficacy: 1 year after patient prostatectomy (Knoll et al., 2009) |
| Secondary Outcome |
Significant change in self-efficacy with intervention: Higher in supportive health education versus telephone interpersonal counseling (Badger et al., 2020) Higher in psychosocial dyadic intervention group than usual care (Badr et al., 2015) Increased post-psychoeducational intervention for the dyad, greater effect size for dyad total versus caregiver alone (Dockham et al., 2016) Increased with FOCUS intervention (Titler et al., 2017, Northouse et al., 2014) Higher with partner-guided pain management intervention (Keefe et al., 2005) Significant by time and group with integrative caregiver support intervention (Lee et al., 2016) Greater for caregivers than patients following the Caring for Couples Coping with Cancer (Li et al., 2015) Increased after Un Abrazo Para la Familia (Marshall et al., 2013) Increase over time with telephone intervention group, small effect for SE managing emotions (Mosher et al., 2016) No significant change in self-efficacy with intervention: Improved with time for both groups, no differences between coping skills intervention group and control (Porter et al., 2011) Time by group effect for dyads self-efficacy following peer-helping intervention with peer helping, but not for caregivers alone (Mosher et al., 2018) Non-significant relationship with or change in self-efficacy: Dyad attachment (Porter et al., 2012) No change over time for caregivers of colorectal patients (Mazanec et al., 2015) People with cancer had higher levels than caregivers of people with cancer (Morse, 2013) |
| Mediator | Indirect effect of symptom distress on caregiver threat appraisals through individual self-efficacy (Ellis et al., 2017) Mediated the relationship between negative religious coping and quality of life and satisfaction (Pearce et al., 2006) Partial mediator between communication with health professionals and psychological distress and a full mediator between trust in health professionals and psychological distress (Oh, 2017) |
| Variable in simple correlation |
Significant relationship with self-efficacy: SE sticking to it and SE making time for physical activity (Barber, 2013, Barber, 2012) Acculturation (DeSanto-Madeya et al., 2009) Quality of life of female survivors with male partners’ self-efficacy (Duggleby et al., 2015) Caregiver burden (Yildiz et al., 2017, Kizza and Muliira, 2020) Anxiety (Ugalde and Krishnasamy, 2014, Perz et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2013, Mystakidou et al., 2013) Depression (Perz et al., 2011, Lee et al., 2013) Distress (Ugalde and Krishnasamy, 2014) Emotional support (Ito and Tadaka, 2017) Caregiver strain (Ito and Tadaka, 2017, Keefe et al., 2003) Caregiving appraisals (Ito and Tadaka, 2017) Acceptance (Ito and Tadaka, 2017) Quality of life (Ito and Tadaka, 2017) Younger age (Porter et al., 2008) Patient chemotherapy and radiation treatment (Porter et al., 2008) Religious coping (Pearce et al., 2006) Positive and negative mood (Keefe et al., 2003) Baseline and longitudinal SE (Kershaw et al., 2015) Support and disruptiveness (Kizza and Muliira, 2020) Non-significant relationship with self-efficacy: Long-term patient mobilized support (Knoll et al., 2009) |
**
all significant relationships in expected directions (ex: low self-efficacy, high depression), SE: self-efficacy