Table 3.

Associations of ACE Inhibitor or ARB Use With COVID‐19 Outcomes

Outcome	Rate of Outcome With ACE Inhibitor or ARB Use vs Use of a CCB or TZD
	Intention‐to‐Treat			As‐Treated
	ACE Inhibitor, n=47 998, No. of Events	CCB or TZD, n=48 418, No. of Events	HR (95% CI)	ACE Inhibitor, n=47 998, No. of Events	CCB or TZD, n=48 418, No. of Events	HR (95% CI)
Hospitalization with COVID‐19	94	107	0.89 (0.64–1.23)	85	100	0.85 (0.60–1.19)
Death with COVID‐19	16	26	0.97 (0.48–1.93)	15	25	0.94 (0.46–1.92)
Hospitalization or death with COVID‐19 combined	104	118	0.95 (0.69–1.29)	95	111	0.91 (0.65–1.26)

	ARB, n=68 239, No. of Events	CCB or TZD, n=48 418, No. of Events	HR (95% CI)	ARB, n=68 239, No. of Events	CCB or TZD, n=48 418, No. of Events	HR (95% CI)
Hospitalization with COVID‐19	135	107	0.94 (0.70–1.27)	126	100	0.93 (0.67–1.27)
Death with COVID‐19	19	26	1.25 (0.63–2.49)	19	25	1.68 (0.69–2.77)
Hospitalization or death with COVID‐19 combined	143	118	0.99 (0.73–1.32)	134	111	0.98 (0.72–1.33)

Swedish residents on antihypertensive monotherapy with an ACE inhibitor or an ARB were compared with those on monotherapy with either a CCB or TZD, in both intention‐to‐treat and as‐treated models. ACE indicates angiotensin‐converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin II type‐I receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; HR, inverse probability of treatment weighted and multivariate adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratio; and TZD, thiazide diuretic.