Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics According to Tercile of LAVImin
| Characteristics |
Tercile 1, <20.7 mL/m2 (n=116) |
Tercile 2, 20.7–31.5 mL/m2 (n=116) | Tercile 3, ≥31.5 mL/m2 (n=115) | P for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 67.3±9.6 | 70.4±10.2 | 74.8±8.7 | <0.001 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 63 (54) | 62 (53) | 61 (53) | 0.85 |
| White race, n (%) | 76 (66) | 83 (72) | 92 (80) | 0.014 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 35.0±6.8 | 34.4±8.4 | 31.4±6.9 | <0.001 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 110 (95) | 105 (91) | 103 (90) | 0.14 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 59 (51) | 56 (49) | 43 (37) | 0.040 |
| AF | 20 (17) | 41 (36) | 83 (72) | <0.001 |
| Paroxysmal | 14 (12) | 26 (22) | 19 (17) | |
| Persistent/permanent | 6 (5) | 15 (13) | 64 (56) | |
| MI | 19 (16) | 28 (24) | 21 (18) | 0.72 |
| NYHA functional class, n (%) | 0.49 | |||
| I/II | 81 (71) | 70 (60) | 76 (67) | |
| III/IV | 33 (29) | 46 (40) | 38 (33) | |
| Heart rate, bpm | 70±11 | 69±11 | 69±12 | 0.41 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 66±23 | 64±23 | 62±19 | 0.15 |
| eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, n (%) | 57 (49) | 58 (50) | 55 (48) | 0.84 |
| Echocardiographic measurement | ||||
| LVEDV, mL | 93±28 | 104±40 | 95±31 | 0.63 |
| LVESV, mL | 35±14 | 44±24 | 41±17 | 0.031 |
| LVMI, mg/m2 | 100±29 | 111±31 | 117±34 | <0.001 |
| LAVImax, mL/m2 | 41±10 | 51±10 | 69±19 | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 63±7 | 59±8 | 58±9 | <0.001 |
| LV GLS, % | −17.2±2.9 | −15.7±3.6 | −14.0±3.2 | <0.001 |
| E wave, cm/s | 81±29 | 95±29 | 102±27 | <0.001 |
| A wave, cm/s | 81±22 | 74±25 | 66±29 | <0.001 |
| E/A ratio | 1.0±0.4 | 1.4±0.7 | 1.8±0.8 | <0.001 |
| DT, ms | 208±55 | 207±61 | 184±51 | 0.001 |
| e′ (average), cm/s | 7.4±3.0 | 6.8±2.2 | 7.9±2.9 | 0.24 |
| E/e′ (average) | 12.5±5.4 | 15.8±6.6 | 15.6±7.4 | 0.001 |
| TR jet velocity, m/s | 2.8±0.4 | 2.9±0.5 | 2.9±0.5 | 0.14 |
| RVFAC, % | 0.51±0.07 | 0.50±0.08 | 0.46±0.08 | <0.001 |
| LAEF, % | 61±9 | 48±10 | 35±9 | <0.001 |
| LA reservoir strain, % | 30±8 | 23±7 | 15±6 | <0.001 |
| ≥Moderate MR, n (%) | 2 (3) | 15 (15) | 18 (18) | 0.002 |
Data are given as mean±SD, unless otherwise indicated. A, peak late diastolic mitral inflow velocity; AF indicates atrial fibrillation; bpm, beats per minute; DT, deceleration time; E, peak early mitral inflow velocity; e′, peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLS, global longitudinal strain; LA, left atrial; LAEF, LA emptying fraction; LAVImax, indexed maximal LA volume; LAVImin, indexed minimal LA volume; LV, left ventricular; LVEDV, LV end‐diastolic volume; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; LVESV, LV end‐systolic volume; LVMI, LV mass index; MI, myocardial infarction; MR, mitral regurgitation; NYHA, New York Heart Association; RV FAC, right ventricular fractional area change; and TR, tricuspid regurgitation.