TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Author | Year | Region | Study design | Age (year) | Gender (M/F) | Dosage of HCQ | Treatment duration | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kruize AA, et al. | 1993 | Netherlands | Prospective | 51.9 ± 15.5 | 0/19 | 400 mg/d | 12 m | Oral damage, ocular involvement, fatigue, articular lesions, Schirmer’s test, ESR, IgG, IgM, IgA |
| Gottenberg JE, et al. | 2014 | France | RCT | 48.9 ± 12.7 | 10/110 | 400 mg/d | 24 w | Oral damage, ocular involvement, fatigue, articular lesions, pulmonary, neurological, lymphoproliferative, renal organs, Schirmer’s test, uSFR, CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM, IgA |
| Yoon CH, et al. | 2016 | Korea | RCT | 56.8 ± 9.66 | 0/26 | 300 mg/d | 16 w | Schirmer’s test, ESR |
| Demarchi J, et al. | 2017 | Argentina | Retrospective | 55.7 ± 14 | 6/215 | 400 mg/d | 12 m | Fatigue, articular lesions, pulmonary, neurological, lymphoproliferative, renal organs |
| Hernández-Molina G, et al. | 2018 | Latin-American Argentina (n = 110), Brazil (n = 49), Mexico (n = 218) | Retrospective | 48.9 ± 12.7 | 10/367 | 400 mg/d | 6 y | Oral damage, ocular involvement, pulmonary, neurological, lymphoproliferative, renal organs |
| Yavuz S, et al. | 2011 | Turkey | Prospective | 56 ± 14 | 0/32 | 6.5 mg/kg | 12 w | Schirmer’s test |
| Cankaya H, et al. | 2010 | Turkey | Prospective | 48.9 ± 10.5 | 0/30 | 400 mg/d | 18 w | Oral damage, uSFR |
| Rihl M, et al. | 2009 | Germany | Retrospective | 56 ± 12.4 | 0/14 | 300 mg/d (50–64 kg) | 4.9 ± 1.1 m | Schirmer’s test, IgG, IgA |
| 400 mg/d (>64 kg) | ||||||||
| Tishler M, et al. | 1999 | Israel | Retrospective | 58 ± 10.3 | 0/14 | 200 mg/d | 12 m | CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM, IgA |
| Li SK, et al. | 2013 | China | Retrospective | 43.27 ± 6.18 | 3/26 | 400 mg/d | >6 m | CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM |
| Shuai SQ, et al. | 2011 | China | Retrospective | 45.38 ± 17.21 | 2/28 | 400 mg/d | >6 m | CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM |
| Dong SQ, et al. | 2012 | China | Retrospective | 45.11 ± 9.57 | 4/31 | 400 mg/d | >6 m | CRP, ESR, IgG, IgM |
| Shi Q, et al. | 2008 | China | Retrospective | 21–65 | 1/39 | 400 mg/d | >6 m | ESR, IgG, IgM, IgA |
M, male; F, female; RCT, randomized clinical trial; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, and IgA); uSFR, unstimulated salivary flow rate; CRP, C-reactive protein.