Minocycline |
Human |
- |
Oxygen deprivation |
TEER ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ Occludin expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Yang et al., 2015
|
Alogliptin |
Human |
- |
OGD/reoxygenation |
Permeability (FITC-Dextran) ↓ Occludin expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Hao et al., 2019
|
Zafirlukast |
Human |
- |
OGD/reoxygenation |
Permeability (FITC-Dextran) ↓ Occludin expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Zeng et al., 2020
|
Siponimod |
Human |
Astrocytes |
Physiological conditions |
Permeability (FITC-Dextran) ↓ Claudin-5 expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Spampinato et al., 2021
|
|
|
Astrocytes |
TNF-α and INF-γ treatment |
PI3K/Akt signaling pathway↑ Permeability (FITC-Dextran) ↓ TEER ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Spampinato et al., 2021
|
Memantine |
Human |
Pericytes and astrocytes |
Amyloid-β1–42 treatment |
LINC00094 expression ↓ Permeability (horseradish peroxidase) ↓ TEER ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ Occludin expression ↑ ZO-1 expression ↑ |
Zhu et al., 2019
|
Metformin |
Rat |
- |
Physiological conditions |
AMPK activation ↑ Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ Permeability (Evans blue albumin) ↓ TEER ↑ |
Takata et al., 2013
|
Pitavastatin |
Rat |
- |
Physiological conditions |
Mevalonate pathway ↓ Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ Permeability (Evans blue albumin) → TEER ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ |
Morofuji et al., 2010
|
Cilostazol |
Rat |
- |
Physiological conditions |
cAMP↑ Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ TEER ↑ |
Horai et al., 2013
|
|
Rat |
Pericytes and astrocytes |
OGD/reoxygenation |
TEER ↑ |
Horai et al., 2013
|
|
Rat |
Pericytes and astrocytes |
TGF-β1 treatment |
TEER ↑ |
Takeshita et al., 2014
|
|
Rat |
Pericytes and astrocytes |
AGEs treatment under OGD/reoxygenation |
TGF-β1 ↓ TEER ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ |
Takeshita et al., 2014
|
Candesartan |
Rat |
Astrocytes |
OGD/reoxygenation |
Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ TEER ↑ Improved localization of claudin-5 and occludin |
So et al., 2015
|
Perampanel |
Rat |
Astrocytes and neurons |
Glutamate treatment |
Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ TEER ↑ |
Chen et al., 2020
|
|
Rat |
Astrocytes and neurons |
Traumatic neuronal injury model |
Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ TEER ↑ |
Chen et al., 2020
|
Ruxolitinib |
Rat |
Pericytes |
OSM treatment |
Permeability (sodium fluorescein) ↓ TEER ↑ (JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway in pericytes ↓) |
Takata et al., 2019
|
Lithium |
Mouse |
- |
OGD/reoxygenation |
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway ↑ TEER ↑ |
Ji et al., 2021
|
Omarigliptin |
Mouse |
- |
LPS treatment |
Toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 88/NF-κB signaling pathway ↓ Permeability (FITC-Dextran) ↓ Claudin-1 expression ↑ Claudin-5 expression ↑ |
Du and Wang, 2020
|
Propofol |
Mouse |
Astrocytes and microglia |
Oxygen deprivation |
TEER ↑ (Heat shock protein (HSP) 32 expressions and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 in microglia ↑) (HSP27 expressions and nuclear translocation of heat shock factor 1 in astrocytes ↑) |
Sun et al., 2019
|
5′-azacytidine |
Mouse |
- |
Homocysteine treatment |
miR-29b expression ↓ Permeability (FITC-albumin) ↓ |
Kalani et al., 2014
|