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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 27.
Published in final edited form as: Data Min Knowl Discov. 2020 Nov 17;35(1):46–87. doi: 10.1007/s10618-020-00722-8

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

The loss surface on the left depicts a well-conditioned model where local minima can be reached from all directions. The loss surface on the right depicts an ill-conditioned model where there are several ways to overshoot or never reach the minima.