Table 1.
Main demographic, comorbidities, clinical, and laboratory data of ICU patients with severe COVID-19 infection considering the presence of positive results of auto-Abs IFN-α2 or auto-Abs IFN-ω obtained by ELISA and luciferase activity techniques
| Variable | All results for auto-Abs to type I IFNs (n = 275) |
Neutralizing positive results for some or both auto-Abs to type I IFNs (n = 26) |
Neutralizing negative results for both auto-Abs to type I IFNs (n = 249) |
p-value | OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pandemic wave | |||||
| First; n (%) | 125 (45.5) | 13 (50.0) | 112 (45.0) | 0.820 | n.a |
| Second; n (%) | 23 (8.4) | 1 (3.8) | 22 (8.8) | ||
| Third; n (%) | 127 (46.2) | 12 (46.2) | 115 (46.2) | ||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age; median (IQC) | 64 (55–71) | 63 (57–73) | 64 (55–71) | 0.712 | n.a |
| Sex (male); n (%) | 211 (76.7) | 24 (92.3) | 187 (75.1) | 0.048 | 3.979 (0.914–17.32) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Cancer; n (%) | 31 (11.3) | 2 (7.7) | 29 (11.6) | 0.750 | 0.632 (0.142–2.815) |
| Cardiac disease; n (%) | 44 (16.0) | 4 (15.4) | 40 (16.1) | 1.000 | 0.950 (0.311–2.905) |
| Chronic kidney disease; n (%) | 38 (13.8) | 3 (11.5) | 35 (14.1) | 1.000 | 0.798 (0.227–2.798) |
| Chronic liver disease; n (%) | 24 (8.7) | 3 (11.5) | 21 (8.4) | 0.484 | 1.416 (0.392–5.111) |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; n (%) | 45 (16.4) | 3 (11.5) | 42 (16.9) | 0.590 | 0.643 (0.185–2.239) |
| Diabetes; n (%) | 78 (28.4) | 7 (26.9) | 71 (28.5) | 0.864 | 0.924 (0.372–2.293) |
| Dyslipidemia; n (%) | 135 (49.1) | 13 (50.0) | 122 (49.0) | 0.922 | 1.041 (0.464–2.335) |
| Hypertension; n (%) | 146 (53.1) | 13 (50.0) | 133 (53.4) | 0.740 | 0.872 (0.389–1.957) |
| Obesity; n (%) | 137 (49.8) | 11 (42.3) | 126 (50.6) | 0.421 | 0.716 (0.316–1.620) |
| Smoking; n (%) | 20 (7.3) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (8.0) | 0.233 | n.a |
| Symptom onset and admission | |||||
| Number of days from the appearance of clinical symptoms to admission to the hospital; median (IQR) | 8 (6–11) | 7 (6–8) | 8 (6–11) | 0.009 | n.a |
| Number of days from the hospital admission to the ICU; median (IQR) | 2 (0–6) | 3.5 (1–7) | 2 (0–6) | 0.352 | n.a |
| Biological quantities at the first day in ICU | |||||
| LEU, × 109 cells/L; median (IQR) | 9.75 (8.59–14.3) | 13.7 (9.40–20.0) | 9.30 (6.65–13.5) | 0.001 | n.a |
| NEU, × 109 cells/L; median (IQR) | 8.41 (5.72–12.7) | 12.7 (8.63–19.0) | 8.10 (5.65–11.9) | 0.001 | n.a |
| LYM, × 109 cells/L; median (IQR) | 0.64 (0.38–0.96) | 0.51 (0.41–0.72) | 0.66 (0.37–0.98) | 0.067 | n.a |
| PLT, × 109 cells/L; median (IQR) | 232 (173–303) | 260.5 (217–325) | 230 (168–298) | 0.038 | n.a |
| apH, 1; median (IQR) | 7.35 (7.29–7.43) | 7.35 (7.30–7.39) | 7.35 (7.29–7.43) | 0.800 | n.a |
| paCO2, mmHg; median (IQR) | 46 (40–56.5) | 47 (40–53) | 46 (40–57) | 0.856 | n.a |
| paO2, mmHg; median (IQR) | 96.5 (76–125) | 90 (73–127) | 97 (76–124.5) | 0.574 | n.a |
| aSatO2, %; median (IQR) | 97.1 (94.5–98.7) | 96.7 (94.3–98.4) | 97.2 (94.5–98.7) | 0.420 | n.a |
| ALB, g/L; median (IQR) | 31.6 (27.4–35.0) | 32.0 (26.4–35.0) | 31.5 (27.7–35.0) | 0.741 | n.a |
| LDH, U/L; median (IQR) | 471.5 (367.5–610.8) | 444.5 (354–538) | 474.5 (370–613) | 0.395 | n.a |
| ALT, U/L; median (IQR) | 34 (23–56.3) | 38.5 (28–61) | 34 (23–56) | 0.421 | n.a |
| AST, U/L; median (IQR) | 45 (31–64.8) | 41 (27–52) | 45 (32–68) | 0.165 | n.a |
| BIL, μmol/L; median (IQR) | 9.2 (6.5–13.9) | 10.4 (6.0–15.0) | 9.0 (6.7–13.7) | 0.819 | n.a |
| CREA, μmol/L; median (IQR) | 81 (61–114) | 80 (61–117) | 81 (60–111) | 0.767 | n.a |
| UREA, mmo/L; median (IQR) | 7.9 (5.2–11.5) | 8.1 (5.7–11.7) | 7.9 (5.2–11.4) | 0.588 | n.a |
| TROP-T, ng/L; median (IQR) | 14.7 (9.4–28.2) | 11.3 (8.4–14.7) | 15.8 (9.8–30.9) | 0.121 | n.a |
| DD, μg/L; median (IQR) | 879 (454–2862) | 963 (482–3507) | 878 (452–2811) | 0.671 | n.a |
| PT, 1; median (IQR) | 1.16 (1.08–1.28) | 1.23 (1.11–1.25) | 1.15 (1.08–1.29) | 0.230 | n.a |
| PROCAL, μg/L; median (IQR) | 0.26 (0.13–0.68) | 0.29 (0.14–0.51) | 0.26 (0.13–0.73) | 0.875 | n.a |
| CRP, mg/L; median (IQR) | 136.1 (52.8–238.3) | 212.1 (62.2–366.3) | 130.1 (52.7–229.1) | 0.055 | n.a |
| FERRI, mg/L; median (IQR) | 1495 (874–2325) | 1240 (919–2389) | 1498 (862–2291) | 0.664 | n.a |
| IL6, ng/L; median (IQR) | 91.3 (19.5–455.2) | 40.4 (30.2–207.9) | 95.3 (19.7–474) | 0.778 | n.a |
OR, odds-ratio; CI, confidence interval; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartilic range; n.a., not applicable; LEU, number concentration of leucocytes in blood; NEU, number concentration of neutrophils in blood; LYM, number concentration of lymphocytes in blood; PLT, number concentration of platelets in blood; apH, pH in arterial blood; paCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, paO2, partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood; aSatO2, substance fraction of oxygen in arterial blood; ALB, mass concentration of albumin in plasma; LDH, catalytic concentration of lactate dehydrogenase in plasma; ALT, catalytic concentration of alanine transaminase in plasma; AST, catalytic concentration of aspartate transaminase in plasma; BIL, substance concentration of bilirubin in plasma; CREA, substance concentration of creatinine in plasma; UREA, substance concentration of urea in plasma; TROP-T, mass concentration of troponin T in plasma; DD, mass concentration of D-dimer in plasma; PT, relative time of prothrombin in plasma; PROCAL, mass concentration of procalcitonin in plasma; CRP, mass concentration of C-reactive protein in plasma; FERRI, mass concentration of ferritin in plasma; IL6, mass concentration of interleukin-6 in plasma
ALB, LDH, ALT, AST, BIL, CREA, UREA, TROP-T, PROCAL, CRP, FERRI, and IL6 were measured using a Cobas 6000 or Cobas 8000 analyzers (Roche Diagnostics, Risch-Rotkreuz, Switzerland). LEU, NEU, LYM, and PLT were measured using a Sysmex XN-2000 analyzer (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan), and DD, PT from ACL TOP 500 analyzer (Instrumentation Laboratory, Bedford, MA, USA). On the other hand, apH, paCO2, paO2, and aSatO2 were obtained from GEM Premier 5000 gasometers (Instrumentation Laboratory)
Numbers in bold indicate a p-value < 0.05