(
A) Left panel: representative examples of Mediterranean sea urchin (
Paracentrotus lividus) zygotes injected with 1 pg of in vitro-transcribed mRNA coding for either T6B or T6B
Mut proteins and observed under DIC optics at 48 hr post-fertilization. Both embryos are oriented in a vegetal view. T6B-expressing embryos displayed severe developmental aberrations ranging from the failure to form a proper archenteron and skeletal structures, to overall delay in development and embryonic lethality. By contrast, control T6B
Mut-expressing embryos observed at the same developmental stage went through embryogenesis normally and exhibited the characteristic easel-like shape of the echinoid pluteus larva. Right panel: quantitative PCR showing dysregulation of territorial marker genes involved in the developmental gene regulatory network of the sea urchin (
Cavalieri and Spinelli, 2015a,
Cavalieri and Spinelli, 2015b) upon T6B expression. Data are indicated as fold difference in transcript abundance with respect to control T6B
Mut-expressing embryos at the same stage of development. The gray region represents changes in mRNA abundance corresponding to less than threefold difference, while error bars are standard errors for the qPCR replicates. PMCs: primary mesenchyme cells; SMCs: secondary mesenchyme cells. (
B) Zebrafish (
Danio rerio) fertilized eggs were injected with 75 pg of in vitro-transcribed mRNA coding for either T6B or T6B
Mut fusion proteins. While T6B
Mut-expressing embryos developed normally, the majority of T6B-expressing embryos underwent severe developmental defects.