Table 3.
Age-, sex-, and race-adjusted odds ratios [OR (95% CI)] for the association of risk factors with peripheral neuropathy in US adults aged 40–69 and ≥ 70 years (NHANES, 1999–2004) and ARIC participants aged ≥ 70 years (Visit 6, 2016–2017).
| Aged 40–69 years | Aged ≥ 70 years | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| US adults (NHANES) OR (95% CI) |
US adults (NHANES) OR (95% CI) |
ARIC (Visit 6) OR (95% CI) |
|
| Age in years | |||
| 40–49 | 1 (Ref) | – | – |
| 50–59 | 1.81 (1.38–2.37) | – | – |
| 60–69 | 3.20 (2.38–4.31) | – | – |
| 70–74 | – | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 75–79 | – | 1.47 (1.06–2.04) | 1.35 (1.06–1.71) |
| ≥ 80 | – | 2.04 (1.51–2.75) | 2.38 (1.87–3.02) |
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Male | 2.36 (1.94–2.86) | 2.22 (1.79–2.75) | 2.75 (2.37–3.20) |
| Race | |||
| White | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Black | 1.49 (1.20–1.85) | 1.63 (1.11–2.39) | 1.32 (1.09–1.58) |
| Education | |||
| College and above | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| High school or vocational school | 1.35 (1.01–1.81) | 1.02 (0.71–1.46) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) |
| Less than high school | 1.81 (1.26–2.58) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 1.60 (1.25–2.03) |
| Diabetes status | |||
| Normal | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Pre-diabetes | 1.53 (1.01–2.30) | 0.89 (0.64–1.22) | 1.19 (0.99–1.44) |
| Diabetes (< 10 years duration) | 1.82 (1.07–3.10) | 1.50 (1.00–2.27) | 1.32 (1.09–1.60) |
| Diabetes (≥ 10 years duration) | 5.26 (3.27–8.46) | 2.17 (1.33–3.54) | 1.68 (1.29–2.20) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||
| 0–24.9 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| 25–29.9 | 1.14 (0.77–1.69) | 1.22 (0.93–1.61) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) |
| ≥ 30 | 1.74 (1.23–2.48) | 1.87 (1.39–2.51) | 1.58 (1.30–1.92) |
| Sex-specific height quartile | |||
| Q1 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Q2 | 0.99 (0.68–1.44) | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 1.02 (0.81–1.28) |
| Q3 | 1.43 (1.05–1.93) | 1.74 (1.27–2.39) | 1.46 (1.17–1.81) |
| Q4 | 2.15 (1.54–3.00) | 2.91 (2.04–4.14) | 2.36 (1.91–2.91) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Never | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Former | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 0.99 (0.74–1.31) | 0.95 (0.81–1.11) |
| Current | 1.17 (0.86–1.59) | 0.45 (0.26–0.80) | 1.05 (0.77–1.42) |
| Drinking status | |||
| Current light/moderate drinker | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Current heavier drinker | 1.28 (0.93–1.76) | 0.89 (0.60–1.32) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) |
| Former | 1.41 (1.07–1.84) | 1.31 (0.93–1.84) | 1.11 (0.93–1.33) |
| Never | 1.74 (1.21–2.49) | 1.56 (1.06–2.30) | 1.24 (1.01–1.52) |
| Prevalent cardiovascular disease | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.37 (0.90–2.08) | 1.39 (0.96–2.00) | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) |
| Hypertension | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.30 (1.02–1.67) | 1.07 (0.86–1.32) | 1.27 (1.03–1.58) |
| Hypercholesterolemia | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.12 (0.84–1.48) | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) |
| Prevalent chronic kidney disease | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.71 (1.25–2.33) | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) |
| Peripheral artery diseasea | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 2.02 (1.31–3.10) | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.64 (1.16–2.30) |
| Any cancerb | |||
| No | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |
| Yes | 1.21 (0.79–1.84) | 1.19 (0.88–1.59) | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) |
aOdds ratios are among participants who were not missing data for peripheral artery disease: N = 3215 in NHANES aged 40–69 years, N = 1204 in NHANES aged ≥ 70 years, and N = 2971 in ARIC visit 6.
bOdds ratio for ARIC is among participants who were not missing cancer status in ARIC visit 6, N = 3136.