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. 2021 Aug 25;22(5):481–508. doi: 10.1007/s10162-021-00811-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Schematic of the current pathway for different modes of stimulation: a) monopolar (MP), b) bipolar (BP), c) common ground (CG) and mixed mode (MM), d) tripolar (TP), e) partial tripolar (pTP), f) All-polar (AP), g) current steering (CS), and h) quadrupolar virtual channels (QPVC). The configuration in part (c) is mixed mode (MM) when a non-zero proportion of the injected current is, as shown, returned via the extra-cochlear electrode. When that proportion is zero, the configuration is equivalent to common ground