Table 1.
Differential regulation of the NF-κB pathway by protozoan parasites.
| Parasite (Disease) | Pathogen component | Target | Result/outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| E. histolytica (Amebiasis) | SAP | IKK Complex | NF-κB inhibition | (Kammanadiminti and Chadee, 2006) |
| Phosphorylation of p65 | MCP-1 cytokine induction | (Kammanadiminti et al., 2007) | ||
| Calpain | Degradation of p65, STAT3/5 | Cell death | (Kim et al., 2014) | |
| Gal/GalNAc-lectin | NF-κB and MAPK activation | TLR-2 m-RNA and protein expression | (Kammanadiminti et al., 2004) | |
| EhCP-A5 | IKK activation and IκB phosphorylation | Enhanced pro-inflammatory response | (Hou et al., 2010) | |
| LPPG | TLR-2 and-4 activation | IL-12p40, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-8 release | (Maldonado‐Bernal et al., 2005) | |
| Eh genomic DNA | TLR9 | NF-κB and MAPK activation | (Ivory et al., 2008) | |
| Live Eh | Cytoskeletal-associated proteins talin, Pyk2 and paxillin | NLRP3 inflammasome activation | (St-Pierre et al., 2017) | |
| Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis) | TgESAs | Inhibits NF-κBp65 and TLR2/4 activation | Up-regulates IL-10 and TGF-β | (Wang et al., 2017) |
| ROP18 | p65 degradation | Aborted NF-κB signaling | (Du et al., 2014) | |
| ROP16 | Inhibits STAT3/6 and NF-κB transcription | down-regulates TLR induced cytokines | (Saeij et al., 2007) | |
| Cathepsin C1 | Inhibits p65 phosphorylation | Decrease TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 production | (Liu et al., 2019) | |
| HSP70 | Inhibits iNOS and NF-κB | Decrease host parasiticidal mechanism | (Dobbin et al., 2002) | |
| Plasmodium (Malaria) | GPI | NF-κB/c-rel | iNOS expression | (Tachado et al., 1996) |
| Hemozoin | TLR-9 mediated NF-κB activation | Up-regulates pro-IL-1β and NLRP3 activation | (Coban et al., 2005; Parroche et al., 2007; Baccarella et al., 2013) | |
| Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas) | GPI | Activates TLR2/MyD88, MAPK and NF-κB | Induction of IL-12, TNF-α, and NO | (Campos et al., 2001) |
| Cruzipain | Interferes NF-κBp65 signaling | Hinders macrophage activation | (Watanabe Costa et al., 2016) | |
| Leishmania (Leishmaniasis) | L. major infection | Selectively translocate c-Rel/p50 | Induces IL-10 expression | (Guizani-Tabbane et al., 2004) |
| gp63 | Cleaves NF-κBp65 RelA into p35RelA | Induces expression of MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2 | (Gregory et al., 2008) | |
| L. mexicana infection | Degrades entire NF-κB pathway (p65RelA, c-Rel, IκBα, IκBβ, JNK and ERK) | Inhibits IL-12 production | (Cameron et al., 2004) |