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. 2021 Sep 14;11:741303. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.741303

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Copyright © 2021 Reichert, Erkkilae, Gesperger, Wadiura, Lang, Roetzer, Woehrer, Andreana, Unterhuber, Wilzbach, Hauger, Drexler, Kiesel, Widhalm and Leitgeb

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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FD-FLIM delineation of PpIX and spectroscopic co-validation illustrated with three selected clinical cases. (A) Glioblastoma, (B) low-grade glioma, and (C) bronchial carcinoma metastasized to the cerebellum. (I,II) Preoperative T1- and T2-weighted MRI, (III,IV) surgical microscope white light and BLUE 400 fluorescence images taken during cytoreductive surgery, (V) representative histopathological section stained with hematoxylin and eosin, (VI,VII) demodulated fluorescence intensity (in mV_RMS) and fluorescence lifetime (in ns) acquired on resected specimens with the raster-scanning FD-FLIM system, (VIII) fluorescence image of the respective specimens acquired with a scientific camera, and (IX) spectra acquired on the indicated ROIs in VI and VII; the fluorescence intensity (relative units) is plotted as a function of wavelength (in nm); CP, cellular pleomorphism; TV, thrombosed vessel; NEC, necrosis; CCA, clear-celled appearance; CAR, carcinoma cells; AS, artificially squeezed tissue.