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. 2021 Sep 14;9:730558. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730558

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Copyright © 2021 Guo, Li, Liang, Cui, Lou and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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PPA1 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells. (A) Silencing PPA1 suppresses breast cancer cell migration as demonstrated in the wound healing assay. Scale bars: 100 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of the wound healing rate. (C) Transwell assay showing that silencing PPA1 decreases cell invasion. Scale bars: 100 μm. (D) Quantitative analysis of invasion cells. (E) PPA1 knockdown inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation in T47D cells. (F–I) Ectopic PPA1 facilitates tumor migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. Scale bars: 100 μm. (J) PPA1 overexpression increases cell proliferation. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.01, and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.