TABLE 6.
Observed fluctuation in naïve and transitional B cells in adult COVID-19 patients.
| B cell subset | Observation | Analyzed patients | Compared group(s) | References |
| CD27-IgD+ naïve | No change (%) | Severeγ | Moderateε | Shuwa et al., 2021 |
| No change (%) | Severeγ | Mildδ | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Severeγ | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Moderateε | Mildδ | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Moderateε | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Mildδ | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Cases | Recovered | Mathew et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Cases | HD | Mathew et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Recovered | HD | Mathew et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | Severeκ | Prepandemic controls | Acosta-Ampudia et al., 2021 | |
| IgD+CD38–/+ naïve | No change (%) | Severeη | Criticalι | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 |
| No change (%) | Severeη | Mild/moderateθ | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Severeη | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Criticalι | Mild/moderateθ | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Criticalι | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| No change (%) | Mild/moderateθ | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| CD21+CD27– naïve | No change (%) | Recovered | HD | Long et al., 2021 |
| Naïve | Increase (%) | Mild/ | HD | Huang et al., 2021 |
| Increase (%) | Moderate/ | HD | Huang et al., 2021 | |
| Increase (%) | Cured/ | HD | Huang et al., 2021 | |
| CD24hiCD38hi transitional | Reduction (%) | Severeγ | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 |
| Reduction (%) | Severeγ | Convalescent | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| CD24+CD38hi transitional | No change (%) | Severeη | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 |
| Reduction (%) | Severeη | Mild/moderateθ | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| Reduction (%) | Criticalι | Mild/moderateθ | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | Mild/moderateθ | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| CD27-CD38int CD24+ transitional | Reduction (%) | ICU | Outpatients | Woodruff et al., 2020 |
B cell subset, peripheral blood B cell subset analyzed in the reported studies; (%), as frequency values; (#), as absolute number; Cases, COVID-19 patients (irrespective of severity); ICU, intensive care unit patients; Recovered, non-hospitalized subjects who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection; HD, healthy donors; Outpatients, outpatients with milder disease.
γPatients with > 10 L or 60% supplemental oxygen, managed in ICU.
δPatients with < 3L or 28% supplemental oxygen.
εPatients with < 10L or <60% supplemental oxygen, requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
ζPatients with clinical signs of pneumonia with one of the following: respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min, severe respiratory distress, or SpO2 < 90% on room air.
ηPatients experiencing the following: respiratory failure, respiratory rate > 30 bpm, oxygen saturation < 92% at rest, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2) ratio < 300 mmHg.
θFever, signs of airway disease, with or without a tomographic image indicating pneumonia.
ιAny of the following: requirement for mechanical ventilation, shock, or concomitant organ failure.
κRespiratory distress, i.e., ≥30 breaths/min. in resting state, oxygen saturation of 90% or less on room air; or arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 300 or less. /No stratification criteria provided.