TABLE 8.
Observed fluctuation in ASCs and plasmablasts in adult COVID-19 patients.
| ASCs and plasmablasts | Observation | Analyzed patients | Compared group(s) | References |
| CD19+/–IgM–IgD–CD38+/+ ASCs | No change (%) | Severeλ | Mildμ | Ogega et al., 2021 |
| No change (%) | Severeλ | HD | Ogega et al., 2021 | |
| No change (%) | Mildμ | HD | Ogega et al., 2021 | |
| CD19+CD21–CD27+CD38+/high ASCs | No change | Recoveredς | HD | Long et al., 2021 |
| CD27hiCD38hi plasmblasts | Increase (%) | Severeγ | Convalescent | Shuwa et al., 2021 |
| Increase (%) | Severeγ | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| Increase (%) | Moderateε | Convalescent | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| Increase (%) | Moderateε | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| Increase (%) | Mildδ | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| Increase (%) | Convalescent | HD | Shuwa et al., 2021 | |
| CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts | Increase (%) | Cases | Recoveredρ | Mathew et al., 2020 |
| Increase (%) | Cases | HD | Mathew et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | Cases | HD | Wildner et al., 2021; | |
| Increase (%) | ICU | Outpatients | Woodruff et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | ICU | HD | Woodruff et al., 2020 | |
| CD27+ CD38hi ASC/plasmablasts | Increase (%) | Severeη | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 |
| Increase (%) | Criticalι | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | Mild/moderateθ | HD | Sosa-Hernández et al., 2020 | |
| CD38+CD24– plasmablasts | Increase (%) | Severeζ | Asymptomatic | Carsetti et al., 2020 |
| Increase (%) | Severeζ | Mildπ | Carsetti et al., 2020 | |
| Increase (%) | Severeζ | Contactsσ | Carsetti et al., 2020 |
ASCs, antibody secreting cells; (%), as frequency values; Cases, COVID-19 patients (irrespective of severity); ICU, intensive care unit patients; HD, healthy donors; Outpatients, outpatients with milder disease; Asymptomatic, patients who tested positive but had no symptoms.
γPatients with > 10 L or 60% supplemental oxygen, managed in ICU.
δPatients with < 3 L or 28% supplemental oxygen.
εPatients with < 10 L or <60% supplemental oxygen, requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP).
ζPatients with clinical signs of pneumonia with one of the following: respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min, severe respiratory distress, or SpO2 < 90% on room air.
ηPatients experiencing the following: respiratory failure, respiratory rate > 30 bpm, oxygen saturation < 92% at rest, arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) (PaO2/FiO2) ratio < 300 mmHg.
θFever, signs of airway disease, with or without a tomographic image indicating pneumonia.
ιAny of the following: requirement for mechanical ventilation, shock, or concomitant organ failure.
κRespiratory distress, i.e., ≥30 breaths/min. in resting state, oxygen saturation of 90% or less on room air; or arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)/fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of 300 or less.
λHospitalized patients.
μAmbulatory patients.
νSpleen hypofunction patients.
ξPatients who underwent splenectomy for trauma.
πPatients requiring no hospitalization and experiencing symptoms like with fever, myalgia, and fatigue without obvious chest high resolution computed tomography findings for COVID-19.
ρNon-hospitalized subjects who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection.
ςAdults with a prior positive COVID-19 PCR test who met the definition of recovery based on the guideline from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
σContacts of SARS-CoV-2 confirmed cases who were negative by qPCR.