Table 4. Multivariable Regression Analysis of Participants With Diabetic Retinopathy as Outcome.
| Variable | Odds ratio (95% CI) | SE | z Score | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 1 diabetes (n = 1169) | ||||
| Duration of diabetes | 1.18 (1.10-1.26) | 0.04 | 4.51 | <.001 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Black or African American | 1.79 (0.83-3.89) | 0.71 | 1.49 | .14 |
| Hispanic | 0.78 (0.31-1.92) | 0.36 | −0.55 | .58 |
| White | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Othera | 1 (NA) | NA | NA | NA |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private/commercial | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Public/Medicaid | 1.15 (0.58-2.30) | 0.41 | 0.40 | .69 |
| Mean HbA1c level | 1.16 (0.99-1.36) | 0.10 | 1.80 | .07 |
| Use of insulin pump | 0.43 (0.20-0.93) | 0.17 | −2.16 | .03 |
| Type 2 diabetes (n = 346) | ||||
| Duration of diabetes | 1.21 (1.02-1.45) | 0.11 | 2.18 | .03 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||
| Black or African American | 1.08 (0.30-3.85) | 0.70 | 0.11 | .91 |
| Hispanicb | 1 (NA) | NA | NA | NA |
| White | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Othera,b | 1 (NA) | NA | NA | NA |
| Insurance | ||||
| Private/commercial | 1 [Reference] | NA | NA | NA |
| Public/Medicaid | 1.95 (0.39-9.70) | 1.60 | 0.82 | .42 |
| Mean HbA1c level | 0.96 (0.76-1.22) | 0.12 | −0.33 | .74 |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; NA, not applicable.
a
The other category includes patients who were American Indian or Alaska Native (n = 1), Asian (n = 50), Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (n = 1), and did not specify race or ethnicity, specified other race or ethnicity, or for whom data on race or ethnicity were not available (n = 51). For this analysis, patients who were Hispanic or of other races and ethnicities were combined and compared with patients who were Black and White.
b
For the analysis of type 2 diabetes, Hispanic and other patients had either no observations in a particular category or too few to generate a result.