Table 2. Study Population Characteristics by Race and Ethnicitya.
| Characteristic | Asian | Black | Hispanic | White |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 7573 (1.7) | 49 970 (11.0) | 15 540 (3.4) | 379 155 (83.8) |
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 72.9 (11.7) | 72.1 (10.5) | 70.4 (12.1) | 74.5 (10.0) |
| Female | 3608 (47.6) | 33 211 (66.5) | 8294 (53.4) | 216 976 (57.2) |
| Male | 3965 (52.4) | 16 759 (33.5) | 7246 (46.6) | 162 179 (42.8) |
| Neighborhood educationb | ||||
| Less than high school | 731 (9.8) | 1821 (3.7) | 1386 (9.1) | 2722 (0.7) |
| High school | 2670 (35.7) | 33 061 (67.5) | 8379 (54.9) | 180 554 (48.5) |
| Less than college | 3113 (41.6) | 12 810 (26.1) | 4891 (32.0) | 163 308 (43.9) |
| College or higher | 974 (13.0) | 1314 (2.7) | 610 (4.0) | 25 585 (6.9) |
| Medicare Advantage | 6124 (80.9) | 43 132 (86.3) | 12 109 (77.9) | 320 159 (84.4) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 6493 (85.7) | 46 193 (92.4) | 13 676 (88.0) | 314 612 (83.0) |
| BP, mean (SD), mm Hg | ||||
| Systolic | 130 (19) | 134 (20) | 132 (19) | 130 (18) |
| Diastolic | 72 (11) | 75 (11) | 72 (11) | 72 (11) |
| Diabetes | 4293 (56.7) | 27 721 (55.5) | 9397 (60.5) | 146 783 (38.7) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 6.8 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.6) | 7.1 (2.2) | 6.7 (1.5) |
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2 | 57 (21) | 53 (22) | 57 (23) | 51 (16) |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | ||||
| ≥60 | 1933 (25.6) | 9347 (18.8) | 4182 (27.0) | 50 208 (13.3) |
| 45-59 | 3667 (48.5) | 23 012 (46.3) | 7046 (45.5) | 209 059 (55.3) |
| 30-44 | 1430 (18.9) | 11 932 (23.9) | 3029 (19.5) | 91 957 (24.3) |
| <30 | 528 (7.0) | 5465 (11.0) | 1239 (8.0) | 27 163 (7.2) |
| UACR, median (IQR), mg/g | 34 (10-109) | 23 (7-98) | 26 (8-98) | 20 (8-61) |
| UACR, mg/g | ||||
| <30 | 2148 (46.5) | 13 102 (55.9) | 4768 (52.6) | 81 030 (60.8) |
| 30-299 | 1855 (40.2) | 7155 (30.5) | 3055 (33.7) | 40 940 (30.7) |
| ≥300 | 617 (13.3) | 3194 (13.6) | 1235 (13.7) | 11 278 (8.4) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 6750 (89.1) | 42 687 (85.4) | 13 707 (88.2) | 328 050 (86.5) |
| Congestive heart failure | 1041 (13.7) | 13 518 (27.1) | 3152 (20.3) | 87 283 (23.0) |
| Coronary heart disease | 514 (6.8) | 5460 (10.9) | 1616 (10.4) | 44 168 (11.6) |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 943 (12.5) | 9277 (18.6) | 2345 (15.1) | 58 059 (15.3) |
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range; UACR, urine albumin-creatinine ratio.
SI conversion: To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. All comparisons were significant at P < .001.
b
Median education level achieved among all residents 25 years and older within the specified census block group according to the American Community Survey.