Comparison 2. SUBGROUP ANALYSES (Population source).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
2.1 Pain (/100); Earliest follow‐up; Exercise vs. no treatment or usual care	34	2716	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐15.40 [‐18.49, ‐12.31]
2.1.1 Healthcare populations	18	1454	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐16.94 [‐20.94, ‐12.95]
2.1.2 Occupational populations	3	252	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐22.87 [‐39.68, ‐6.05]
2.1.3 General populations or mixed	13	1010	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐12.20 [‐17.10, ‐7.30]
2.2 Pain (/100); Earliest follow‐up; Exercise vs. other conservative treatment	63	6235	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐9.03 [‐12.59, ‐5.47]
2.2.1 Healthcare populations	33	2602	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐8.02 [‐12.17, ‐3.87]
2.2.2 Occupational populations	9	935	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐14.61 [‐28.41, ‐0.81]
2.2.3 General populations or mixed	21	2698	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐8.35 [‐12.76, ‐3.93]
2.3 Function (/100); Earliest follow‐up; Exercise vs. no treatment or usual care	35	2788	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐7.01 [‐8.67, ‐5.36]
2.3.1 Healthcare populations	22	1900	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐7.86 [‐10.03, ‐5.70]
2.3.2 Occupational populations	4	237	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.35 [‐7.06, 0.35]
2.3.3 General populations or mixed	9	651	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐5.65 [‐8.43, ‐2.88]
2.4 Function (/100); Earliest follow‐up; Exercise vs. other conservative treatment	51	5944	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.97 [‐5.85, ‐2.09]
2.4.1 Healthcare populations	28	2488	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐3.25 [‐6.15, ‐0.36]
2.4.2 Occupational populations	4	583	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐2.06 [‐6.97, 2.86]
2.4.3 General populations or mixed	19	2873	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐5.41 [‐8.10, ‐2.71]